Are Doves and Pigeons the Same Bird?

Yes, doves and pigeons are the same bird—both belong to the biological family Columbidae, which includes over 300 species of birds commonly referred to as either doves or pigeons. The distinction between the two terms is largely based on cultural perception, size, and regional language use rather than scientific classification. This means that when someone asks are doves and pigeons the same bird, the most accurate answer is yes—they are biologically indistinguishable at the family level, with no genetic or taxonomic boundary separating them. Whether called a dove or a pigeon, these birds share similar anatomy, behaviors, diets, and reproductive patterns, making them essentially variations of the same avian group.

Understanding the Columbidae Family

The Columbidae family encompasses all species known colloquially as doves and pigeons. These birds are found on every continent except Antarctica and thrive in diverse environments—from dense tropical forests to urban cityscapes. Despite their widespread presence, many people remain unaware that the white dove released at weddings and the common rock pigeon seen on sidewalks are closely related species within this single family.

Scientifically, there is no formal division between doves and pigeons. Ornithologists classify them together due to shared traits such as small heads, plump bodies, short necks, and strong flight muscles. They also possess a unique ability to produce 'crop milk'—a nutritious secretion used to feed their young, a rare trait among birds. With over 300 species in the Columbidae family, including the mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), the common wood pigeon (Columba palumbus), and the zebra dove (Geopelia striata), the naming convention varies more by tradition than taxonomy.

Why Are They Called Different Names?

The difference between calling a bird a dove versus a pigeon often comes down to size, tone, and cultural symbolism. Generally speaking, smaller species tend to be called doves, while larger ones are labeled pigeons. For example, the diminutive diamond dove is rarely referred to as a pigeon, whereas the robust rock pigeon (also known as the rock dove) is almost never called a dove in everyday language.

However, this rule isn't consistent across regions or languages. In British English, for instance, the term 'woodpigeon' is standard, while Americans might refer to similar-sized birds simply as pigeons. Meanwhile, the term 'dove' carries softer, more poetic connotations—often associated with peace, love, and spirituality—which influences its use in ceremonial contexts.

This linguistic duality leads to confusion when answering questions like are doves and pigeons the same bird scientifically. While laypeople may perceive them as distinct, biologically they are not separated by species, genus, or evolutionary lineage in any meaningful way.

Cultural and Symbolic Meanings

One reason the distinction persists lies in cultural symbolism. Doves have long been symbols of peace, purity, and divine presence. The image of a white dove carrying an olive branch originates from the biblical story of Noah’s Ark and remains a powerful metaphor for reconciliation and hope. In Christian iconography, the Holy Spirit is often depicted as a dove, reinforcing its sacred status.

In contrast, pigeons—especially those living in cities—are frequently viewed as pests. Their tendency to gather in large flocks, leave droppings on buildings, and scavenge for food has led to negative stereotypes. Yet, these same birds were once revered: homing pigeons played crucial roles in wartime communication, delivering messages across enemy lines during both World Wars.

The irony is that the white 'peace dove' often used in symbolic releases is typically a domesticated form of the rock pigeon. So, while society celebrates the dove as a symbol of harmony, it shuns the pigeon for identical biological traits. This double standard underscores how perception, not biology, drives the perceived difference.

Biological Traits Shared by Doves and Pigeons

Beyond symbolism, doves and pigeons exhibit nearly identical biological characteristics. Here are some key features they share:

• Feeding Habits: Both primarily consume seeds, grains, fruits, and occasionally insects. They feed by pecking at food and can drink water by sucking it up directly—a rare ability among birds.
• Reproduction: Doves and pigeons form monogamous pairs and share parenting duties. Both males and females incubate eggs and care for squabs (chicks).
• Crop Milk Production: Unique among birds, both produce crop milk—a protein- and fat-rich substance secreted from the lining of the crop—to nourish their young during the first few days after hatching.
• Flight Patterns: They are strong, agile fliers capable of reaching speeds up to 60 mph (97 km/h). Homing pigeons can navigate over hundreds of miles using Earth's magnetic field, visual landmarks, and even olfactory cues.
• Vocalizations: Most coo rather than sing. Their calls are soft, rhythmic, and often described as soothing—though city dwellers might find the constant cooing of urban pigeons less than peaceful.

Common Species: Examples of Doves and Pigeons

To illustrate the overlap, here are several well-known species and how they’re named:

Species Name	Commonly Called	Habitat	Notes
Columba livia	Rock Pigeon / Rock Dove	Urban areas worldwide	Wild ancestor of domestic pigeons; used in messaging and racing
Zenaida macroura	Mourning Dove	North America	Known for its melancholic call; often mistaken for a small pigeon
Streptopelia decaocto	Collared Dove	Europe, Asia, expanding into North America	Recognizable by black neck band; increasing urban presence
Treron vernans	Fruit Dove	Tropical forests of Asia and Oceania	Brightly colored; feeds mainly on fruit
Patagioenas fasciata	Band-tailed Pigeon	Western North America	Larger than mourning dove; inhabits mountainous forests

As shown, the naming reflects size, appearance, and regional preferences—not biological separation.

Observing Doves and Pigeons: Tips for Birdwatchers

For amateur and experienced birdwatchers alike, identifying doves and pigeons can be both rewarding and challenging due to subtle differences in plumage, size, and behavior. Here are practical tips for observing them in the wild or urban settings:

1. Look at Size and Shape: Compare body mass and tail length. Mourning doves have slender bodies and long, pointed tails, while rock pigeons are stockier with shorter, fan-shaped tails.
2. Note Plumage Details: Check for color patterns. Collared doves have a distinctive black half-collar on the back of their necks. Juvenile pigeons lack the iridescent neck feathers seen in adults.
3. Listen to Calls: Each species has a unique coo. The mourning dove’s call sounds like “coo-OO-oo,” while the rock pigeon produces a repetitive “coo-roo-croo.”
4. Observe Behavior: Watch feeding habits. Doves usually forage alone or in pairs on the ground, whereas pigeons often feed in larger groups.
5. Use Binoculars and Field Guides: A good pair of binoculars and a reliable field guide (or birding app like Merlin or eBird) can help confirm species identification.

Urban parks, suburban backyards, and woodland edges are excellent places to spot both types. Early morning and late afternoon are peak activity times.

Debunking Common Misconceptions

Several myths persist about doves and pigeons, fueled by their differing reputations:

• Myth: Doves are cleaner than pigeons. Reality: All Columbidae species produce droppings. White doves used in ceremonies are bred for appearance but are just as messy as other pigeons.
• Myth: Only pigeons live in cities. Reality: Many dove species, like the Eurasian collared dove, have adapted well to urban environments.
• Myth: Doves cannot breed with pigeons. Reality: Some species can interbreed. Domesticated varieties of Columba livia freely crossbreed, producing hybrid offspring.
• Myth: Pigeons are not intelligent. Reality: Pigeons have demonstrated remarkable cognitive abilities, including recognizing themselves in mirrors and distinguishing between different styles of art.

Conservation and Human Impact

While rock pigeons are abundant and often considered invasive in cities, other dove and pigeon species face threats. Habitat loss, hunting, and climate change impact populations of forest-dwelling species like the pink pigeon of Mauritius, which was once critically endangered but has recovered thanks to conservation efforts.

In contrast, the extinction of the passenger pigeon—a once-numerous North American species—serves as a cautionary tale. Billions existed in the 1800s, but unregulated hunting and deforestation led to its disappearance by 1914. Its story highlights how even the most widespread species can vanish rapidly without protection.

Bird enthusiasts can support dove and pigeon conservation by participating in citizen science projects like the Christmas Bird Count, avoiding the release of non-native species, and advocating for green spaces in urban planning.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are doves and pigeons the same species?

No single species includes all doves and pigeons, but all belong to the Columbidae family. Individual species may be called either, depending on convention.

Can doves and pigeons mate?

Some species, particularly within the genus Columba, can interbreed in captivity. However, successful hybridization in the wild is rare.

Why are doves seen as symbols of peace but pigeons aren’t?

Cultural and religious traditions favor the term 'dove' for symbolic purposes. The imagery of a white dove evokes purity, while urban pigeons are stigmatized despite being biologically similar.

Do all doves migrate?

No. Migration depends on species and climate. Mourning doves migrate seasonally in northern regions, while rock pigeons are generally non-migratory.

How can I attract doves to my backyard?

Provide open platform feeders with millet, sunflower seeds, and cracked corn. Offer a shallow birdbath and low perching spots, as doves prefer ground-level feeding.