Over 100 Bird Flu Cases Reported in US in 2024

As of the most recent data available in 2024, there have been over 100 confirmed cases of bird flu (avian influenza), specifically the H5N1 strain, detected in the United States across both wild and domestic bird populations. While human infections remain rare, the number of bird flu cases in US poultry farms and migratory birds has increased significantly compared to previous years, raising concerns among public health officials and wildlife biologists. This surge in avian influenza cases in the US during 2023–2024 represents one of the largest outbreaks in recent history, affecting commercial flocks, backyard chickens, and wild waterfowl alike.

Bird Flu Overview: Understanding Avian Influenza

Bird flu, or avian influenza, refers to a group of viruses that primarily infect birds. The most concerning subtype currently circulating is H5N1, which has demonstrated high pathogenicity—meaning it spreads rapidly and causes severe illness or death in infected birds. Although these viruses naturally occur in wild aquatic birds like ducks and geese, they can spill over into domestic poultry and, in rare cases, humans.

The current wave of bird flu cases in the U.S. began gaining momentum in early 2022 and has persisted through 2023 and into 2024. According to surveillance data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 58 million birds across dozens of states have been affected by either infection or preemptive culling to contain outbreaks. These numbers reflect not individual human cases but the scale of animal impact, underscoring how widespread avian flu in the US has become.

Human Cases of Bird Flu in the United States

To date, only one human case of H5N1 bird flu has been reported in the United States, confirmed in April 2022 in Colorado. The patient was involved in culling operations for infected poultry and developed mild symptoms before recovering fully. Since then, no additional human infections have been documented as of mid-2024. Despite this low number, health authorities continue monitoring closely due to the virus’s potential to mutate and become transmissible between humans.

The CDC classifies the risk to the general public as low. However, individuals with direct exposure to sick or dead birds—such as farmers, veterinarians, and wildlife handlers—are considered at higher risk. Public health agencies recommend protective measures including gloves, masks, and proper hygiene when handling birds.

Geographic Distribution of Bird Flu Cases in the US

Bird flu has been detected in all 50 states, making it a nationwide concern. The outbreak initially spread through major migratory flyways, particularly the Mississippi, Central, and Pacific Flyways, where wild birds carry the virus long distances during seasonal migrations.

States with the highest number of reported bird flu cases include:

• Iowa – heavily impacted due to large-scale turkey and egg-laying operations
• Minnesota – significant losses in turkey flocks
\li>California – outbreaks in both commercial poultry and wild birds
• Texas – detections in backyard flocks and wild waterfowl
• Wisconsin – recurring findings in dairy cattle and poultry

Even Alaska and Hawaii have recorded cases, highlighting the extensive reach of the virus via migratory patterns and trade networks.

State	Reported Outbreaks (Poultry & Wild Birds)	Last Confirmed Case (2024)
Iowa	Over 75	March 2024
Minnesota	Over 60	February 2024
California	Over 50	April 2024
Texas	Over 40	January 2024
Wisconsin	Over 35	May 2024

Causes and Transmission Pathways

The primary driver behind the rise in bird flu cases in the U.S. is the interplay between wild bird migration and concentrated animal agriculture. Migratory waterfowl act as natural reservoirs for low-pathogenic strains of avian influenza, which can evolve into highly pathogenic forms when introduced into dense poultry populations.

Transmission occurs through:

• Fecal-oral route: Infected bird droppings contaminate soil, feed, or water sources
• Airborne particles: Especially in enclosed barns with poor ventilation
• Contaminated equipment, clothing, or vehicles moving between farms
• Predators or scavengers that feed on infected carcasses

Recent evidence also suggests limited transmission to mammals, including foxes, skunks, and even dairy cattle, raising new questions about cross-species adaptation.

Impact on Poultry Industry and Food Supply

The economic toll of bird flu outbreaks has been substantial. Millions of chickens and turkeys have been depopulated to prevent further spread, leading to temporary spikes in egg and poultry prices. In 2022 alone, egg prices rose by over 60% nationally due to supply shortages caused by mass culling.

Despite disruptions, federal and state agencies work closely with producers to maintain food safety. The USDA emphasizes that properly cooked poultry and eggs remain safe to eat, as heat destroys the virus. No contaminated products have entered the commercial food chain.

Wildlife and Ecological Consequences

Beyond agriculture, avian flu poses serious threats to biodiversity. Mass die-offs have been observed in several species, including bald eagles, great horned owls, and double-crested cormorants—predators that consume infected birds or fish.

Conservationists warn that repeated outbreaks could weaken vulnerable populations, especially those already under pressure from habitat loss or climate change. Monitoring programs run by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and state wildlife agencies are critical for tracking mortality events and understanding long-term ecological impacts.

How to Protect Your Backyard Flock

If you keep chickens or other poultry at home, taking preventive steps is essential to reduce the risk of infection:

• Limit contact with wild birds: Secure coops and runs; avoid letting birds roam freely near wetlands or ponds.
• Practice biosecurity: Wash hands before and after handling birds; disinfect shoes and tools; isolate new or returning birds for at least 30 days.
• Monitor for signs of illness: Lethargy, decreased appetite, swollen heads, or sudden death may indicate infection.
• Report sick or dead birds: Contact your state veterinarian or local extension office immediately.

Current Surveillance and Government Response

The USDA, CDC, and state departments of agriculture operate coordinated surveillance systems to detect and respond to avian influenza. Key initiatives include:

• National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP): Sets standards for disease control and testing.
• Early Detection System for High-Consequence Avian Influenza: Encourages submission of dead wild birds for testing.
• Rapid Response Teams: Deployed to farms with confirmed cases to manage containment and depopulation.

Vaccination is being explored but remains limited. Current vaccines do not prevent infection entirely and could interfere with international trade, so their use is still under evaluation.

Misconceptions About Bird Flu in the US

Several myths persist about avian flu, often fueled by media headlines:

• Misconception: Eating chicken or eggs can give you bird flu.
  Fact: Proper cooking kills the virus. There is no evidence of foodborne transmission.
• Misconception: All bird deaths are due to H5N1.
  Fact: Many factors—including poisoning, trauma, and other diseases—can cause bird mortality.
• Misconception: The virus spreads easily between people.
  Fact: Human-to-human transmission has not been documented. Most infections require prolonged, close contact with infected birds.

What Birdwatchers Should Know

For bird enthusiasts, the presence of bird flu doesn’t mean staying indoors—but caution is advised. Here are practical tips:

• Do not handle dead or sick birds without gloves and protection.
• Clean binoculars, feeders, and cameras regularly, especially after outdoor use.
• Avoid areas with known outbreaks or visible signs of bird die-offs.
• Participate in citizen science projects like eBird or the USGS National Wildlife Health Center’s reporting system to contribute valuable data.

Future Outlook and Preparedness

Experts anticipate that bird flu will remain endemic in North American bird populations for the foreseeable future. Seasonal peaks typically occur in spring and fall, coinciding with migration periods. Continued vigilance, improved diagnostics, and stronger biosecurity practices are vital for minimizing risks.

Public awareness and collaboration between scientists, farmers, and policymakers will determine how effectively the U.S. manages this ongoing challenge. Research into universal avian flu vaccines and faster detection methods offers hope for long-term solutions.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many bird flu cases have been reported in the U.S. in 2024?

As of mid-2024, over 100 outbreaks have been confirmed in birds across the country. Only one human case has ever been recorded in the U.S., in 2022.

Is bird flu still active in the United States?

Yes, avian influenza remains active, particularly in wild bird populations and some commercial poultry farms. Ongoing surveillance continues nationwide.

Can I get bird flu from watching birds?

No, simply observing birds from a distance poses no risk. Transmission requires direct contact with infected animals or their secretions.

Are eggs and chicken safe to eat during a bird flu outbreak?

Yes, as long as poultry and eggs are properly cooked. The virus is destroyed by heat, and no contaminated products have entered the food supply.

What should I do if I find a dead bird?

Do not touch it bare-handed. Report it to your local wildlife agency or health department for possible testing, especially if multiple dead birds are found together.