What Is Hawaii's State Bird?

The official state bird of Hawaii is the nene, also known as the Hawaiian goose (Branta sandvicensis). This unique waterfowl, which became the state bird in 1957, is not only a symbol of Hawaiian heritage but also a remarkable example of island evolution and conservation success. As the rarest goose species in the world and endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, the nene represents resilience in the face of habitat loss and invasive threats. Understanding what is Hawaii state bird reveals much about the islands’ ecological challenges and cultural values.

Historical Background: How the Nene Became Hawaii’s State Bird

The designation of the nene as the official state bird of Hawaii occurred on June 2, 1957, through legislative action that recognized the bird’s cultural significance and endangered status at the time. The decision was influenced by growing awareness of native species decline due to human activity, including habitat destruction and the introduction of non-native predators such as mongooses, rats, and feral cats.

Prior to Western contact, the nene was widespread across several Hawaiian islands, particularly on lava plains and upland shrublands. However, by the mid-20th century, its population had plummeted to fewer than 30 individuals in the wild. This alarming decline prompted both symbolic and practical responses—declaring the nene the state bird helped raise public awareness, while captive breeding programs began efforts to restore its numbers.

The choice of the nene over other native birds reflected its distinctiveness. Unlike migratory geese found on the mainland, the nene evolved in isolation, adapting to life on volcanic terrain with reduced webbing between its toes—a trait suited for walking on rough lava fields rather than swimming. Its selection underscored a broader movement toward valuing endemic species as national and state symbols.

Biological Characteristics of the Nene

The nene belongs to the Anatidae family, which includes ducks, geese, and swans. Scientifically named Branta sandvicensis, it is most closely related to the Canada goose (Branta canadensis), from which it diverged approximately 500,000 years ago after colonizing the Hawaiian archipelago.

Adult nenes typically measure 25 inches in length and weigh between 3.5 and 5.5 pounds. They exhibit sexual dimorphism, with males slightly larger than females. Their plumage features a dark head and hindneck, buff-colored cheeks, and a striking pattern of alternating black and cream stripes on the neck—giving them their Hawaiian name, 'nēnē,' an onomatopoeic reference to their soft call.

One of the most distinctive adaptations of the nene is its partially webbed feet, less developed than those of aquatic geese. This reflects its terrestrial lifestyle; unlike many waterfowl, the nene spends much of its time grazing on grasses, seeds, and berries in dry forests and alpine shrublands. It nests on the ground, often near rocky outcrops, and forms long-term pair bonds, with both parents participating in chick rearing.

Feature	Nene (Hawaiian Goose)	Canada Goose
Habitat	Dry forests, lava fields, shrublands	Wetlands, lakes, urban parks
Webbing on Feet	Reduced (adapted for walking)	Well-developed (for swimming)
Vocalization	Soft 'nēnē' call	Loud honking
Migration Pattern	Non-migratory	Seasonally migratory
Conservation Status	Vulnerable (IUCN)	Least Concern (IUCN)

Cultural Significance of the Nene in Hawaiian Tradition

In Native Hawaiian culture, the nene holds spiritual and symbolic importance. Considered an ‘aumakua (family guardian spirit) by some lineages, it embodies protection, perseverance, and connection to ancestral lands. Oral traditions describe the nene as a messenger between realms, often associated with high-altitude deities and sacred landscapes.

The bird appears in chants, place names, and petroglyphs across the islands, particularly on Maui and Hawai‘i Island. Its image has been used in traditional featherwork, although not as extensively as more colorful birds like the ‘i‘iwi or mamo. Today, the nene remains a powerful emblem of Hawaiian identity and environmental stewardship.

Schools, sports teams, and local businesses frequently incorporate the nene into logos and educational materials, reinforcing its role as a living symbol of island pride. Conservation campaigns often highlight its story as one of hope—once nearly extinct, now recovering thanks to sustained effort.

Conservation Efforts and Recovery Progress

The journey of the nene from near extinction to gradual recovery is one of the most notable wildlife conservation stories in U.S. history. In the 1950s, British waterfowl expert Sir Peter Scott initiated a captive breeding program at the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust in Slimbridge, England, using eggs collected from remaining wild populations. These birds were later reintroduced to Hawaii starting in the 1960s.

On-island breeding centers, including those operated by the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) and the National Park Service, have played critical roles in boosting wild populations. Predator control, habitat restoration, and public education campaigns have complemented these efforts.

As of 2024, estimates suggest there are around 3,500 nenes in the wild, primarily on Hawai‘i Island, Kaua‘i, and parts of Maui. While still listed as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the species has made significant gains. Ongoing threats include vehicle collisions (especially on roads near Haleakalā and Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Parks), predation by introduced mammals, and habitat fragmentation.

Where to See the Nene in the Wild

For birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts seeking to observe the Hawaii state bird in its natural environment, several locations offer reliable sightings:

• Haleakalā National Park (Maui): The subalpine shrublands near the summit are home to a stable population. Early morning visits increase chances of seeing pairs grazing near roadways.
• Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park (Big Island): Nenes frequent open areas along Crater Rim Drive and Kīpukapuaulu Trail. Rangers often report recent sightings at the Kīlauea Visitor Center.
• Na Pali Coast and Waimea Canyon (Kaua‘i): Though less common, nenes have been spotted in high-elevation meadows. Guided eco-tours improve visibility and context.
• Mauna Kea Access Road (Big Island): Occasionally seen near the visitor information station, especially during dawn hours.

When observing nenes, maintain a respectful distance (at least 50 feet), avoid feeding them, and never block their path. Remember that they are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Hawaii state law.

Common Misconceptions About the Nene

Despite its status as Hawaii’s state bird, several misconceptions persist:

• Misconception: The nene is just a type of Canadian goose.
  Reality: While related, the nene is a distinct species that evolved separately in Hawaii for hundreds of thousands of years.
• Misconception: The nene lives near water like other geese.
  Reality: It is primarily terrestrial and adapted to dry, rugged environments. You’ll rarely find it in ponds or lakes.
• Misconception: It’s easy to spot the nene anywhere in Hawaii.
  Reality: Populations remain localized and sparse. Seeing one requires visiting specific habitats at optimal times.

Tips for Responsible Birdwatching in Hawaii

If your goal is to see the nene and other native birds, follow these best practices:

1. Research Before You Go: Check park websites or call visitor centers for recent bird activity reports.
2. Visit During Optimal Times: Early morning (6–8 AM) and late afternoon (4–6 PM) are peak activity periods.
3. Use Binoculars or Telephoto Lenses: Observe without disturbing the birds.
4. Stay on Designated Trails: Protect fragile ecosystems and reduce erosion.
5. Report Sightings: Use platforms like eBird to contribute data to scientific monitoring.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

When did the nene become the Hawaii state bird?

The nene was officially designated as the state bird of Hawaii on June 2, 1957.

Is the nene found only in Hawaii?

Yes, the nene is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and exists nowhere else in the wild naturally.

Why is the nene called the Hawaiian goose?

It is called the Hawaiian goose because it evolved from ancestral geese that reached Hawaii millions of years ago and adapted uniquely to island conditions.

Can you keep a nene as a pet?

No. The nene is a protected species under federal and state laws. It cannot be owned, harmed, or disturbed without special permits.

How many nenes are left in the wild?

As of 2024, there are approximately 3,500 nenes in the wild, with populations slowly increasing due to conservation efforts.

In conclusion, understanding what is Hawaii state bird—the nene—offers insight into the delicate balance between culture, ecology, and conservation. More than just a symbol, the nene stands as a testament to what can be achieved when science, policy, and community come together to protect a species on the brink. Whether you're a resident, visitor, or armchair naturalist, appreciating the nene deepens your connection to the natural wonders of the Hawaiian Islands.