What Is the Hawaiian State Bird?

The Hawaiian state bird is the nene (Branta sandvicensis), also known as the Hawaiian goose. This unique waterfowl was officially designated as Hawaii’s state bird in 1957, making it a symbol of both natural heritage and conservation resilience. Often searched as 'what is the official bird of Hawaii' or 'Hawaiian state bird name,' the nene stands out not only for its cultural importance but also for its remarkable adaptation to island life. Unlike many geese, the nene is primarily terrestrial and inhabits volcanic slopes, shrublands, and grassy highlands across the Hawaiian Islands.

History and Official Designation

The nene became the official state bird of Hawaii on June 4, 1957, through Act 160 passed by the Hawaii State Legislature. This decision followed growing awareness of the bird’s endangered status and its deep-rooted presence in Hawaiian ecosystems and culture. The selection of the nene over other native birds like the i‘iwi or ‘apapane emphasized the need to spotlight species facing extinction due to habitat loss, invasive predators, and human activity.

Prior to European contact, the nene was widespread across several Hawaiian islands. Fossil records suggest that ancestral populations arrived from North America around 500,000 years ago and evolved into a distinct species suited to Hawaii’s rugged terrain. Over time, the nene developed shorter webbing between its toes—a key adaptation for walking on lava fields—while retaining flight capability, though it now flies only short distances.

Biology and Physical Characteristics

The nene belongs to the Anatidae family, which includes ducks, geese, and swans. It is closely related to the Canada goose (Branta canadensis) but has undergone significant evolutionary changes since colonizing the Hawaiian archipelago. Adult nene typically measure 25 inches in length and weigh between 3.5 to 5.5 pounds, with males slightly larger than females.

Visually, the nene features a dark head and hindneck, buff-colored cheeks, and a striking pattern of black and cream stripes on its neck. Its breast is soft gray-brown, and its legs are pinkish. These markings provide camouflage in dry, open landscapes where the bird spends most of its time grazing. One distinguishing trait is its partially webbed feet, reduced compared to fully aquatic geese, reflecting its shift toward land-based living.

Feature	Nene (Hawaiian Goose)	Canada Goose
Scientific Name	Branta sandvicensis	Branta canadensis
Habitat	Volcanic slopes, shrublands	Wetlands, urban parks
Webbing on Feet	Reduced, adapted for walking	Full webbing for swimming
Flight Ability	Limited, short bursts	Strong, long-distance migratory
Conservation Status	Vulnerable (IUCN)	Least Concern (IUCN)

Habitat and Distribution

Historically, the nene inhabited multiple Hawaiian islands including Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, and Hawai‘i Island. However, by the mid-20th century, habitat destruction and introduced predators such as mongooses, feral cats, and rats drove the species to near extinction. In 1952, only about 30 individuals remained in the wild, all confined to Hawai‘i Island.

Thanks to intensive captive breeding and reintroduction programs led by organizations like the Hawaii Division of Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW) and the Peregrine Fund, populations have slowly recovered. Today, stable populations exist on Hawai‘i Island, Kaua‘i, and Maui, with smaller groups on Moloka‘i and in protected enclosures elsewhere. Nene thrive best in open areas with low vegetation, such as alpine shrublands near Haleakalā National Park and Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park.

While they are non-migratory, some seasonal movement occurs based on rainfall and food availability. Observers may spot them at elevations ranging from sea level to over 8,000 feet, especially during breeding season when pairs establish territories.

Cultural Significance in Hawaiian Tradition

The nene holds symbolic value in Native Hawaiian culture. Known as nēnē in Hawaiian, the name mimics the bird’s call—a soft, nasal honking sound used in pair communication. In traditional beliefs, the nene is associated with perseverance and familial loyalty, as mated pairs bond for life and jointly defend their young.

Some oral histories link the nene to ancestral spirits or as an embodiment of guardian deities (‘aumākua). Though not as prominently featured in chants and legends as the pueo (Hawaiian owl) or ‘iwa (frigatebird), the nene is respected as a native creature that adapted uniquely to the islands’ harsh environments. Its survival story resonates with broader themes of resilience and restoration in contemporary Hawaiian environmental ethics.

Conservation Efforts and Challenges

The journey of the nene from near extinction to partial recovery is one of the most notable conservation success stories in island ecology. Classified as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the species remains under active protection. Key strategies include:

• Captive Breeding: Facilities such as the Keauhou Bird Conservation Center on Hawai‘i Island breed nene in controlled environments before releasing juveniles into protected habitats.
• Predator Control: Trapping and fencing help reduce threats from mongoose, rats, and feral cats, particularly around nesting sites.
• Habitat Restoration: Removing invasive plants and restoring native grasses improves feeding grounds and nesting cover.
• Public Awareness: Educational campaigns encourage drivers to slow down in nene crossing zones and discourage feeding wild birds.

Despite progress, challenges persist. Road mortality is a leading cause of death, especially on islands like Kaua‘i where nene frequently cross highways. Additionally, hybridization with escaped domestic geese poses a genetic threat. Ongoing monitoring and adaptive management remain essential to ensure long-term viability.

How to See the Nene in the Wild

For birdwatchers and visitors interested in observing the Hawaiian state bird in its natural environment, several locations offer reliable sightings:

1. Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park: Look for nene along Crater Rim Drive and near Kīlauea Overlook. Early morning hours yield the best viewing opportunities.
2. Haleakalā National Park (Maui): The summit area and nearby Hosmer Grove host small breeding populations.
3. Kaua‘i’s Coastal Roads: Areas near Po‘ipū and Līhu‘e often have nene grazing near golf courses and roadsides. Always maintain a safe distance.
4. Waikoloa Dry Forest Preserve (Big Island): A restoration site where nene are being reestablished alongside native plant communities.

When observing nene, follow ethical wildlife viewing practices: keep noise levels low, avoid sudden movements, never feed the birds, and stay behind marked barriers if present. Using binoculars or a spotting scope enhances visibility without disturbing the animals.

Common Misconceptions About the Nene

Several myths surround the Hawaiian state bird. One common misconception is that the nene is a type of duck rather than a goose. While it shares traits with both, taxonomically it is a true goose, albeit one highly modified by evolution. Another misunderstanding is that the nene cannot fly; while it does not migrate, it regularly takes short flights to escape danger or move between feeding areas.

Some people assume the nene is abundant throughout Hawaii because it appears in tourist materials. In reality, total wild population estimates range between 2,800 and 3,000 individuals, scattered across fragmented habitats. Continued public support for conservation is vital to prevent backsliding.

Legal Protection and Public Responsibility

The nene is protected under both federal and state laws. It is listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (as Threatened) and receives additional safeguards through Hawaii Revised Statutes. Harassing, capturing, or harming a nene carries legal penalties. Even seemingly harmless actions—like offering food or approaching nests—can stress birds or attract predators.

Local communities play a crucial role in coexistence. Drivers should observe posted speed limits in wildlife zones, especially at dawn and dusk when nene are most active. Residents can help by securing trash, keeping pets leashed, and reporting injured birds to DOFAW or authorized rehabilitation centers.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is the nene the state bird of Hawaii?

The nene was chosen as Hawaii’s state bird in 1957 due to its uniqueness as an endemic species, its cultural significance, and its status as a conservation icon representing ecological recovery.

Can the nene fly?

Yes, the nene can fly, though it does so only over short distances. It uses flight primarily to escape predators or travel between feeding and nesting areas.

Where did the nene evolve from?

The nene descended from the Canada goose, which likely reached the Hawaiian Islands via migration thousands of years ago and evolved into a distinct species adapted to island conditions.

Is the nene still endangered?

The nene is currently classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN. Once critically endangered, it has improved due to conservation efforts but still faces threats from habitat loss and invasive species.

How can I help protect the Hawaiian state bird?

You can help by respecting wildlife zones, not feeding wild birds, supporting habitat restoration initiatives, and spreading awareness about the nene’s ecological importance.