The National Bird of America is the Bald Eagle

The national bird of America is the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), a majestic raptor chosen as the country's official symbol in 1782. This iconic bird, known for its striking white head and powerful wingspan, represents freedom, resilience, and national pride. As one of the most recognizable birds in North America, the bald eagle has deep cultural, historical, and ecological significance. Understanding what is the national bird of america reveals not only a key fact about U.S. symbolism but also highlights the nation’s commitment to wildlife conservation and natural heritage.

Historical Background: How the Bald Eagle Became a National Symbol

The selection of the bald eagle as the national bird dates back to June 20, 1782, when the Second Continental Congress adopted the Great Seal of the United States. The bald eagle was chosen by the founding fathers, including Charles Thomson, who synthesized earlier proposals from Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson. Although Franklin famously expressed preference for the wild turkey, the bald eagle was ultimately selected for its association with authority, courage, and divine inspiration—qualities admired in ancient Rome and Greece.

The eagle appears on numerous national emblems, including the presidential seal, military insignia, currency, and government documents. Its image has become synonymous with American identity. Despite myths suggesting a formal legislative act designated it as the national bird, no such law exists. Instead, its status is based on tradition and repeated official use since 1782.

Biological Profile: What Makes the Bald Eagle Unique?

From a biological standpoint, the bald eagle is a large bird of prey native exclusively to North America. Adults typically measure between 28 to 38 inches in length, with a wingspan ranging from 5.9 to 7.5 feet. Females are generally larger than males, weighing up to 14 pounds compared to males at around 10 pounds.

Despite its name, the bald eagle is not actually bald. The term “bald” comes from an old English word meaning “white-headed.” Juvenile bald eagles lack the distinctive white head and tail; they develop this plumage gradually over four to five years. Their diet primarily consists of fish, which they often catch by swooping down and snatching them from water surfaces with their sharp talons.

Bald eagles build some of the largest nests in the avian world—sometimes exceeding 13 feet deep and weighing over a ton. These nests, called eyries, are usually located in tall trees near bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, or coastal areas.

Conservation Journey: From Endangered Species to Recovery Success

In the mid-20th century, the bald eagle faced near extinction due to habitat destruction, hunting, and the widespread use of the pesticide DDT, which caused eggshell thinning and reproductive failure. By 1963, only 417 nesting pairs remained in the contiguous United States.

Thanks to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the banning of DDT in 1972, and extensive conservation efforts—including captive breeding programs and habitat protection—the population rebounded dramatically. In 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service removed the bald eagle from the endangered species list, marking one of the most successful wildlife recovery stories in American history.

Today, there are over 300,000 bald eagles across the United States and Canada, with thriving populations in Alaska, Minnesota, Florida, and along the Pacific Northwest coast.

Cultural and Symbolic Significance Across America

The bald eagle holds profound symbolic value beyond government imagery. It is revered in many Native American cultures as a sacred messenger between humans and the Creator. Tribes such as the Lakota, Ojibwe, and Hopi incorporate eagle feathers into spiritual ceremonies, considering them gifts of honor and wisdom.

In modern American culture, the bald eagle appears in sports logos (e.g., Philadelphia Eagles), corporate branding, and patriotic displays during national holidays like Independence Day. Its piercing cry—often used in film and television to signify heroism—is actually a high-pitched chirp, though filmmakers frequently substitute it with the call of a red-tailed hawk for dramatic effect.

This blend of myth, reverence, and visibility makes the bald eagle more than just a national emblem—it’s a living symbol woven into the fabric of American identity.

Where to See Bald Eagles: Top Locations for Birdwatching

For bird enthusiasts and nature lovers, observing bald eagles in the wild is a thrilling experience. Here are some of the best places in the U.S. to spot them:

• Chilkat Bald Eagle Preserve, Alaska: Home to the largest concentration of bald eagles in the world, especially during salmon runs from October to February.
• Quoddy Head State Park, Maine: Offers coastal views where eagles hunt and nest, particularly in spring and summer.
• Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife Refuge: A winter hotspot where eagles congregate near open water to feed on fish.
• National Elk Refuge, Wyoming: Bald eagles follow migrating elk and prey on weak or injured animals during winter months.
• Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Nevada/Arizona: Supports year-round populations thanks to abundant fish and nesting sites.

The best time to observe bald eagles varies by region. In northern states, winter (December–February) offers optimal viewing when eagles migrate south or gather near unfrozen rivers. In southern and coastal regions, nesting season (January–July) provides opportunities to see courtship displays and young fledglings.

How to Identify a Bald Eagle in the Wild

Correct identification is essential for both amateur and experienced birders. Key features include:

• Adults: White head and tail contrasting with dark brown body and wings; bright yellow beak and eyes.
• Juveniles: Mottled brown plumage with varying amounts of white; take 4–5 years to mature fully.
• Flight pattern: Soars with wings held flat (in a slight dihedral), often gliding effortlessly on thermal currents.
• Voice: High-pitched whistles and chatters, not the deep screech commonly heard in movies.

Binoculars or spotting scopes greatly enhance observation. Field guides such as Sibley Birds of North America or mobile apps like Merlin Bird ID can assist in accurate identification.

Feature	Adult Bald Eagle	Golden Eagle
Head Color	White	Golden-brown (not white)
Tail Color	White	Dark with faint banding
Habitat Preference	Near water (lakes, rivers, coasts)	Open country, mountains, deserts
Beak Color	Yellow	Yellow (but darker overall plumage)
Wingspan	5.9–7.5 ft	6–7.4 ft

Common Misconceptions About the National Bird

Several myths surround the bald eagle and its status as the national bird:

• Myth: There is a federal law declaring the bald eagle the national bird.
  Reality: No such statute exists. Its designation stems from historical adoption via the Great Seal.
• Myth: Benjamin Franklin wanted the turkey to be the national bird instead.
  Reality: While Franklin criticized the choice in a private letter, calling the eagle “a bird of bad moral character,” he did not formally propose the turkey as an alternative.
• Myth: Bald eagles are aggressive toward humans.
  Reality: They avoid human contact and pose little threat unless defending their nest during breeding season.

Legal Protection and Ethical Considerations

The bald eagle is protected under multiple federal laws, including the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act (1940) and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. It is illegal to harm, harass, possess, or sell any part of a bald eagle—including feathers, eggs, or nests—without a permit.

Native American tribes may obtain permits to possess eagle feathers for religious purposes through the National Eagle Repository. Violations of these laws can result in fines up to $250,000 and imprisonment.

Tips for Responsible Bald Eagle Watching

To ensure minimal disturbance to these protected birds, follow these guidelines:

• Maintain a distance of at least 330 feet (100 meters) from nests or perched eagles.
• Use optical equipment rather than approaching closely.
• Avoid loud noises or sudden movements that could startle the birds.
• Never feed bald eagles or leave food out intentionally.
• Report injured or dead eagles to local wildlife authorities immediately.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is the bald eagle found only in the United States?

No, bald eagles are native to North America and can be found in Canada, parts of northern Mexico, and throughout the contiguous U.S., especially near large bodies of water.

Why was the bald eagle chosen as the national bird?

It was selected for its long life, great strength, and majestic appearance, symbolizing liberty and independence—values central to the newly formed United States.

Can I keep a bald eagle feather if I find one?

No. Possession of bald eagle feathers is illegal without a federal permit. Even found feathers must be left undisturbed or reported to wildlife officials.

Do bald eagles mate for life?

Yes, bald eagles typically form lifelong pair bonds and return to the same nest site each year, adding new material annually.

Are there state birds different from the national bird?

Yes, while the bald eagle is the national bird, each U.S. state has its own official bird. For example, the Northern Cardinal is the state bird of seven states, including Illinois and North Carolina.