What Is the State Bird of South Dakota?

The state bird of South Dakota is the ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), a non-native species that was officially designated as the official state bird in 1943. Often searched as 'what is the state bird of South Dakota' or 'South Dakota's official bird,' this striking game bird stands out not only for its vibrant plumage but also for its deep-rooted connection to the state’s agricultural landscape and outdoor traditions. Unlike many U.S. states that chose native songbirds, South Dakota made a unique decision by selecting an introduced species with strong economic and recreational value—making the ring-necked pheasant a symbol of both natural beauty and sporting heritage.

Historical Background: How the Ring-Necked Pheasant Became South Dakota’s State Bird

The journey of the ring-necked pheasant from Asian woodlands to South Dakota’s prairies is a story of deliberate introduction and ecological adaptation. Native to regions spanning from the Black Sea to eastern China, the ring-necked pheasant was first brought to North America in the late 1800s. Early attempts at establishing populations occurred on the West Coast, particularly in Oregon, where birds were released into suitable habitats beginning in the 1880s.

By the early 20th century, conservationists and hunters recognized the potential of the species for upland game hunting. South Dakota, with its mix of grasslands, croplands, and shelterbelts, offered ideal conditions for pheasant survival. Starting in the 1920s, the South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks Department began systematic releases of ring-necked pheasants across rural counties. These efforts proved remarkably successful due to the bird’s adaptability and the abundance of edge habitats created by farming practices.

As pheasant hunting grew into a major fall tradition and economic driver—drawing thousands of hunters annually from across the country—the bird gained cultural prominence. In 1943, recognizing its impact on recreation, tourism, and rural identity, the South Dakota legislature passed a bill naming the ring-necked pheasant the official state bird, replacing the meadowlark, which had been informally considered earlier.

Biology and Identification of the Ring-Necked Pheasant

The ring-necked pheasant is a sexually dimorphic bird, meaning males and females look significantly different. The male, or rooster, is one of the most visually striking game birds in North America. It features iridescent copper, gold, and green feathers, a bright red face, and a distinctive white neck ring—hence the name 'ring-necked.' Its long, barred tail can extend over 20 inches, and it typically weighs between 2.5 to 3 pounds.

In contrast, the female, or hen, has mottled brown plumage that provides excellent camouflage in tall grasses and crop fields. This coloration helps protect her and her nest from predators during the breeding season. Hens are smaller, averaging around 2 to 2.5 pounds, and lack the ornamental features of the males.

Biologically classified under the family Phasianidae—which includes chickens, quails, and peafowl—the ring-necked pheasant is not a native species to the Americas. Despite this, it has become naturalized across much of the Midwest, especially in states like South Dakota, Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas. They are ground-dwelling birds that prefer areas with a mix of cover (such as cattail marshes, Conservation Reserve Program [CRP] lands, and fence rows) and food sources like waste grain, seeds, and insects.

Why Did South Dakota Choose a Non-Native Bird?

One common question arising from this designation is why South Dakota selected a non-native species instead of a native bird like the Western Meadowlark or Bobolink. The answer lies in the intersection of culture, economy, and public sentiment at the time.

In the 1940s, pheasant hunting had already become deeply embedded in South Dakota’s rural lifestyle. Hunters contributed significantly to conservation funding through license fees and federal excise taxes on firearms and ammunition (under the Pittman-Robertson Act). Moreover, out-of-state hunters spent millions annually on lodging, meals, and equipment, boosting local economies—especially in small towns.

Choosing the ring-necked pheasant was thus seen as honoring a species that played a vital role in the state’s outdoor identity. While some critics argue that promoting an invasive species could downplay native biodiversity, supporters emphasize that the pheasant coexists within managed ecosystems and serves as an ambassador for habitat conservation. Many CRP programs and private land initiatives aimed at supporting pheasants also benefit native pollinators, grassland birds, and soil health.

Where and When to See Ring-Necked Pheasants in South Dakota

For birdwatchers and wildlife enthusiasts, spotting a wild ring-necked pheasant requires timing, location knowledge, and patience. Though primarily hunted rather than observed, these birds can be seen year-round in suitable habitats.

• Best Seasons: Late summer and early fall (August–October) offer the highest visibility, especially after young broods have matured and before hunting season begins. Spring (April–May) is another good time when males display prominently to attract mates.
• Prime Locations: Counties in east-central and southeastern South Dakota—such as Hand, Jerauld, Buffalo, and Davison—are historically high-density areas. Areas near the James River Valley and those with extensive CRP acreage tend to support larger populations.
• Time of Day: Early morning and late afternoon are optimal, as pheasants move between feeding and roosting sites during these periods.

While driving rural gravel roads, watch for sudden bursts of flight from roadside ditches—a classic sign of a flushed pheasant. Always respect private property; many prime viewing areas are on working farms. Consider visiting designated wildlife management areas (WMAs) such as Oakwood Lakes, Lake Thompson, or Fort Sisseton, where access is permitted for observation and photography.

Pheasant Hunting Season and Regulations

Hunting remains the primary human interaction with ring-necked pheasants in South Dakota. Each year, the state opens a regulated hunting season that attracts tens of thousands of participants. Understanding the schedule and rules is essential for anyone interested in participating.

The general pheasant season typically runs from late October to late December, with specific dates varying slightly each year. For example, in recent years:

Year	Start Date (Rooster Only)	End Date	Youth Hunt Weekend
2023	October 21	December 31	October 14–15
2024	October 19	December 31	October 12–13
2025 (Projected)	October 18	December 31	October 11–12

Hunters must obtain a small game license, and non-residents often require additional permits. Bag limits usually allow two roosters per day, with no hens permitted during the regular season unless in special late-season zones. Always consult the current year’s regulations published by the South Dakota Game, Fish and Parks Department, as rules may change based on population surveys and habitat conditions.

Conservation Challenges and Future Outlook

Despite its iconic status, the ring-necked pheasant faces growing challenges. Habitat loss due to declining CRP acreage, intensified agriculture, and urban sprawl has led to fluctuating population numbers over the past two decades. Harsh winters and wet springs can also reduce chick survival rates.

Organizations such as Pheasants Forever and Quail Forever work closely with farmers, ranchers, and policymakers to promote habitat restoration. Initiatives include planting native grasses, creating buffer strips, and encouraging sustainable land use practices. These efforts not only support pheasants but also enhance ecosystem resilience.

Climate change poses an emerging threat, potentially altering precipitation patterns and increasing extreme weather events. Long-term monitoring and adaptive management will be crucial to maintaining healthy pheasant populations. Public involvement—through volunteering, land stewardship, or advocacy—is key to ensuring the bird remains a thriving part of South Dakota’s landscape.

Common Misconceptions About the State Bird

Several myths surround South Dakota’s state bird designation:

• Misconception 1: “The Western Meadowlark is the state bird.” While the meadowlark is the state bird of six other U.S. states and commonly associated with prairie soundscapes, it is not South Dakota’s official choice.
• Misconception 2: “Pheasants are native to South Dakota.” They are not; they were introduced from Eurasia and have since naturalized.
• Misconception 3: “State birds must be native.” There is no legal requirement for a state bird to be indigenous, allowing states to reflect cultural values in their selections.

Tips for Observing or Photographing Ring-Necked Pheasants

For nature photographers and amateur birders, capturing images of ring-necked pheasants can be rewarding but challenging. Here are practical tips:

1. Use a Telephoto Lens: Pheasants are wary and easily startled. A lens of at least 300mm allows for close-up shots without disturbing the bird.
2. Visit During Dawn or Dusk: Birds are more active and lighting is softer during golden hours.
3. Stay Quiet and Still: Move slowly and avoid sudden noises. Use natural cover like ditches or hedgerows.
4. Listen for Calls: Males emit loud crowing sounds in spring. Following vocalizations can lead to sightings.
5. Respect Hunting Seasons: During fall hunts, wear blaze orange even if not hunting, and avoid restricted areas.

Frequently Asked Questions

When did the ring-necked pheasant become the state bird of South Dakota?

It was officially adopted in 1943 by legislative action.

Is the ring-necked pheasant native to South Dakota?

No, it is originally from Asia and was introduced to North America in the 1880s.

Can you hunt pheasants in South Dakota without a license?

No, all hunters must possess a valid small game license and follow seasonal regulations.

Why did South Dakota choose the pheasant over other birds?

Due to its importance in hunting culture, economic impact, and widespread popularity among residents.

Are there any state parks where I can see pheasants?

Yes, several Wildlife Management Areas and state recreation areas offer opportunities for viewing, especially during non-hunting months.

In conclusion, the ring-necked pheasant embodies a unique blend of natural adaptation and cultural significance in South Dakota. As both a celebrated game species and the official state bird, it reflects the state’s commitment to outdoor heritage and responsible wildlife management. Whether you're a hunter, birder, or simply curious about regional symbols, understanding the story behind South Dakota’s state bird offers insight into the interplay between nature, history, and human values.