What Is the Virginia State Bird?

The Virginia state bird is the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). Officially adopted in 1950, this vibrant red songbird has become a beloved symbol of the Commonwealth, frequently appearing in regional art, holiday imagery, and backyard birdwatching lists. Known for its striking crest, clear whistling call, and year-round presence, the Northern Cardinal is one of the most recognizable birds across eastern North America. As a non-migratory species, it thrives in Virginia’s diverse habitats, from suburban gardens to forest edges, making it an ideal candidate for both symbolic representation and citizen science observation. Understanding what is VA state bird not only answers a common trivia question but also opens the door to deeper appreciation of avian biodiversity and cultural identity in the region.

History and Adoption of the Northern Cardinal as Virginia's State Bird

The journey to select Virginia’s official state bird began in the early 20th century, during a nationwide movement among U.S. states to adopt official symbols that reflected local pride and natural heritage. While some states chose rare or endemic species, Virginia joined several others in selecting a bird that was both widespread and culturally resonant.

The Northern Cardinal was officially designated as the state bird of Virginia on January 25, 1950, through Chapter 584 of the Virginia Acts of Assembly. This legislative decision followed years of advocacy by schoolchildren, ornithological societies, and women’s clubs who emphasized the bird’s beauty, melodic song, and visibility throughout the year. Prior to its adoption, there had been informal campaigns promoting other candidates such as the Eastern Bluebird or the American Robin, but the cardinal consistently emerged as the public favorite due to its bold coloration and familiar presence.

Interestingly, Virginia was not the first state to choose the Northern Cardinal—Ohio adopted it in 1933—but it was part of a growing trend recognizing the bird’s aesthetic and ecological value. Today, seven U.S. states list the Northern Cardinal as their official bird, more than any other species, underscoring its broad appeal across the Midwest and Southeast.

Biological Profile: What Makes the Northern Cardinal Unique?

Beyond its symbolic status, the Northern Cardinal is a fascinating subject from a biological standpoint. Here are key characteristics that define this species:

• Scientific Name: Cardinalis cardinalis
• Family: Cardinalidae
• Length: 8–9 inches (20–23 cm)
• Wingspan: 10–12 inches (25–31 cm)
• Weight: 1.5–1.7 ounces (42–48 g)
• Lifespan: Average 3 years in the wild; up to 15+ years recorded
• Diet: Primarily seeds, grains, fruits, and insects
• Habitat: Woodland edges, shrublands, gardens, parks

One of the most distinctive traits of the Northern Cardinal is sexual dimorphism—the male displays brilliant crimson plumage with a black face mask, while the female is predominantly tan or olive-brown with reddish tinges on wings, tail, and crest. Both sexes share the prominent crest and strong, cone-shaped bill adapted for cracking seeds.

Unlike many songbirds, both male and female cardinals sing. The female often sings from the nest, possibly to communicate with her mate or signal food needs. Their song consists of a series of clear, whistled notes, often described as “cheer-cheer-cheer” or “what-cheer.”

Cultural and Symbolic Significance in Virginia

The Northern Cardinal carries rich symbolic meaning beyond its role as a state emblem. In Virginian culture, the bird is often associated with vitality, resilience, and spiritual connection. Its bright red feathers have led to associations with fire, passion, and even divine messages in folklore. Many people believe seeing a cardinal brings good luck or signifies the presence of a departed loved one—a belief especially prevalent during winter months when the bird stands out against snow-covered landscapes.

In addition to personal symbolism, the cardinal appears in regional branding, sports team logos (such as the St. Louis Cardinals), and holiday decorations. Its image graces greeting cards, quilts, and nature-themed artwork throughout Virginia, reinforcing its place in the cultural imagination.

Schools across the state use the cardinal in educational programs about local wildlife, and it frequently features in children’s books and nature walks. This integration into everyday life helps foster environmental awareness and stewardship among younger generations.

Where and How to Observe the Northern Cardinal in Virginia

For birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts, spotting the Northern Cardinal in Virginia is relatively easy thanks to its abundance and adaptability. Here are practical tips for observing this iconic bird:

Best Habitats

• Backyard feeders (especially those offering sunflower seeds)
• Overgrown fields with dense thickets
• Park woodlands and riparian zones
• Suburban neighborhoods with native shrubs and trees

Optimal Times for Observation

Cardinals are non-migratory and active year-round, but they are most vocal during breeding season (March–August). Early morning and late afternoon are peak activity periods. During winter, their bright plumage makes them easier to spot against bare branches and snow.

Recommended Equipment

• Binoculars (8x42 magnification recommended)
• Field guide or mobile app (e.g., Merlin Bird ID)
• Notebook or digital recorder for logging sightings
• Bird feeder filled with black oil sunflower seeds

Citizen Science Opportunities

Virginians can contribute to conservation efforts by participating in initiatives like:

• Project FeederWatch (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
• Christmas Bird Count (Audubon Society)
• eBird checklists submitted from local parks

Feature	Northern Cardinal	Comparison: American Robin
Coloration	Male: Bright red; Female: Tan with red accents	Gray-brown upperparts, orange breast
Voice	Clear, whistled phrases; both sexes sing	Repeated caroling phrases; primarily males sing
Migratory?	No – permanent resident	Partially migratory
Nesting Season	March to September	April to July
Common Backyard Presence	Very high	High

Common Misconceptions About the Virginia State Bird

Despite its popularity, several myths persist about the Northern Cardinal:

• Misconception: The cardinal is a type of finch.
  Reality: It belongs to the family Cardinalidae, separate from true finches (Fringillidae).
• Misconception: Only males sing.
  Reality: Females regularly sing, especially during nesting, often with more complex songs than males.
• Misconception: Cardinals migrate south for winter.
  Reality: They are non-migratory and remain in Virginia all year.
• Misconception: Seeing a cardinal always means good luck.
  Reality: While culturally significant, this belief varies widely and lacks scientific basis.

Conservation Status and Environmental Role

The Northern Cardinal is currently listed as a species of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Populations have remained stable or increased slightly over recent decades, partly due to human-altered landscapes providing suitable habitat (e.g., suburban areas with bird feeders and ornamental plantings).

However, potential threats include:

• Habitat fragmentation
• Pesticide exposure affecting insect prey
• Window collisions (a leading cause of mortality in urban areas)
• Brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds

To support cardinal populations, residents are encouraged to:

• Install window decals to prevent collisions
• Avoid using chemical pesticides in gardens
• Plant native shrubs like dogwood, holly, and sumac for cover and food
• Keep cats indoors to reduce predation risk

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

When did Virginia adopt the Northern Cardinal as its state bird?

Virginia officially adopted the Northern Cardinal as its state bird on January 25, 1950.

Can you find Northern Cardinals throughout Virginia?

Yes, Northern Cardinals are found statewide in Virginia, from coastal plains to mountainous regions, particularly in areas with brushy cover and reliable food sources.

Why is the Northern Cardinal red?

The male’s red color comes from carotenoid pigments in their diet, primarily derived from seeds, fruits, and berries. Healthier birds often display brighter plumage.

Do female Northern Cardinals sing?

Yes, female Northern Cardinals sing regularly, especially during nesting. Their songs may help coordinate feeding duties with mates.

How can I attract Northern Cardinals to my yard?

You can attract them by providing black oil sunflower seeds in platform or hopper feeders, planting dense shrubs for shelter, and maintaining a consistent water source like a birdbath.

In conclusion, understanding what is VA state bird reveals much more than a simple factoid—it connects biology, history, and culture into a cohesive narrative about identity and nature. Whether you're a lifelong resident, a visiting birder, or a student researching state symbols, the Northern Cardinal offers a vivid example of how wildlife shapes our sense of place. By learning to identify, appreciate, and protect this iconic species, we strengthen our relationship with the natural world right outside our doors.