What Is a National Bird? Definition and Global Examples

A national bird is a species officially designated by a country to symbolize its natural heritage, cultural identity, and national pride. This symbolic designation often reflects the bird's prominence in local ecosystems, folklore, or history. The concept of a national bird of a country goes beyond mere representation—it embodies values such as freedom, resilience, or unity. While not all nations have formally declared a national bird, many use avian symbols on flags, coats of arms, currency, or in public ceremonies. Understanding what is a national bird involves exploring both biological significance and sociocultural context.

Historical Origins of National Birds

The tradition of selecting a national bird dates back centuries, though formal recognition became more common in the 20th century. Early civilizations often revered birds for their strength, speed, or spiritual symbolism. For example, ancient Egyptians associated the falcon with Horus, a sky god, while Greeks linked the owl to Athena, goddess of wisdom. These early associations laid the foundation for modern national emblems.

In the United States, the bald eagle was chosen as the national bird in 1782 when it was included on the Great Seal of the United States. Despite debates—Benjamin Franklin famously preferred the turkey—the bald eagle’s image as a powerful predator native only to North America made it a compelling choice. Over time, other countries followed suit, often during periods of nation-building or independence movements.

India adopted the Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) as its national bird in 1963, citing its deep roots in Hindu mythology and widespread presence across the subcontinent. Similarly, Mexico declared the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos canadensis) its national symbol in 1960, drawing from the legend of Tenochtitlán’s founding, where an eagle perched on a cactus devouring a snake became the emblem now featured on the national flag.

Criteria for Selecting a National Bird

While there is no universal process for choosing a national bird, several criteria commonly influence the decision:

• Nativeness: Most countries prefer species that are indigenous or endemic, emphasizing ecological uniqueness.
• Cultural Significance: Birds appearing in myths, religious texts, or historical narratives often rise to prominence.
• Visual Distinctiveness: Bright plumage, impressive size, or unique calls make certain birds more memorable and suitable for symbolic use.
• Conservation Status: Some nations choose threatened species to raise awareness and promote protection efforts.
• Public Sentiment: In democratic processes, public opinion may play a role, especially in informal selections or school campaigns.

However, not all choices are universally accepted. Controversies arise when non-native species are selected or when ecologically harmful birds gain favor due to aesthetics alone.

List of National Birds by Country

Birds serve as national symbols in over 100 countries worldwide. Below is a representative sample highlighting diversity in selection:

Country	National Bird	Year Designated	Notes
United States	Bald Eagle	1782	Sacred in Native American cultures; apex predator
India	Indian Peafowl	1963	Sacred in Hinduism; male's elaborate train used in courtship
Mexico	Golden Eagle	1960	Central to Aztec origin myth
Australia	Emu	1904 (unofficial), widely recognized	Flightless; appears with kangaroo on coat of arms
New Zealand	Kiwi	No official status but de facto symbol	Endangered; nocturnal and flightless
Canada	Common Loon	2015 (proclaimed)	Iconic call; found on the one-dollar coin (“loonie”)
Jamaica	Red-billed Streamertail	1962	Endemic hummingbird; also known as “doctor bird”
Pakistan	Chukar Partridge	1954	Found in mountainous regions; culturally significant

This table illustrates how geography, ecology, and culture shape national choices. Flightless birds like the emu and kiwi represent isolation and adaptation, while raptors like eagles convey power and sovereignty.

Biological and Ecological Importance

Beyond symbolism, national birds often play crucial roles in their ecosystems. Raptors help control rodent populations; frugivorous birds disperse seeds; waterfowl maintain wetland health. When a species becomes a national icon, conservation attention increases. For instance, the Philippine eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi), one of the rarest raptors, gained legal protection after being named the country’s national bird in 1995.

Yet, some designated birds face threats from habitat loss, climate change, or illegal trade. The African fish eagle, though not South Africa’s official national bird (that distinction belongs informally to the blue crane), is widely seen as a regional symbol and benefits from increased monitoring due to its iconic status.

Ecotourism centered around national birds can support local economies. Birdwatchers travel globally to see species like Japan’s red-crowned crane or Scotland’s golden eagle. Governments and NGOs often collaborate to protect these flagship species, using them as ambassadors for broader biodiversity initiatives.

How to Find Your Country’s National Bird

If you're unsure about your nation’s official avian representative, here are practical steps to verify:

1. Check Government Websites: Look for official declarations from ministries of environment, culture, or education.
2. Consult Ornithological Societies: National birding organizations often maintain updated lists.
4. Review Educational Resources: School textbooks or encyclopedias frequently list national symbols.
5. Verify Through Museums or Cultural Institutions: Natural history museums may feature exhibits on national fauna.
6. Use Reputable Online Databases: Sites like the IUCN Red List or BirdLife International provide accurate information on species status and symbolic roles.

Note that some countries do not have a legally designated national bird. In such cases, a species may still be widely recognized through tradition or media. For example, the UK has no official national bird, though the robin is popularly considered one, especially during Christmas.

Common Misconceptions About National Birds

Several misunderstandings persist regarding national birds:

• Misconception 1: Every country has an official national bird.
  Reality: Many nations lack formal designations. Symbolism often arises informally through cultural usage.
• Misconception 2: National birds must be native.
  Reality: Some countries select non-native species for historical reasons. For example, the barn swallow is Zambia’s national bird despite not being endemic.
• Misconception 3: Once chosen, the status never changes.
  Reality: Designations can evolve. Canada’s common loon was proclaimed in 2015, replacing earlier informal preferences.
• Misconception 4: National birds are always large or colorful.
  Reality: Small, plain birds like the European robin or the house sparrow hold symbolic value in various regions.

Understanding these nuances helps avoid oversimplification and promotes informed discussion.

Observing National Birds: A Guide for Birdwatchers

For enthusiasts, seeing a country’s national bird in the wild is a rewarding experience. Here are tips for responsible observation:

• Research Habitats: Learn where the species typically lives—forests, wetlands, mountains, etc.
• Visit During Optimal Seasons: Breeding or migration periods often increase visibility.
• Use Local Guides: Expert birders know prime locations and calling patterns.
• Respect Wildlife Regulations: Maintain distance, avoid flash photography, and follow park rules.
• Contribute to Citizen Science: Report sightings via platforms like eBird to aid conservation research.

For example, spotting the resplendent quetzal—the national bird of Guatemala—in cloud forests requires patience and quiet movement. Its iridescent green feathers blend into foliage, making binoculars essential.

Symbolism Across Cultures

Birds transcend biology—they carry meaning. The dove represents peace in Judeo-Christian traditions; the phoenix symbolizes rebirth in mythology; the raven features prominently in Indigenous North American storytelling. When elevated to national status, these meanings become institutionalized.

In China, although the red-crowned crane is often mistaken as the national bird, no official designation exists. Nevertheless, the crane remains a cultural icon representing longevity and nobility. Conversely, Nigeria officially recognizes the black crowned crane (Balearica pavonina), linking it to grace and dignity.

These symbols appear beyond government seals—they influence art, literature, sports mascots, and even fashion. Recognizing the layered significance enhances appreciation for why countries choose specific birds.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a national bird?
A national bird is a species chosen by a country to represent its identity, often reflecting cultural values, natural heritage, or historical narratives.

Does every country have a national bird?
No. While many nations have official or de facto national birds, others do not formally recognize one.

Can a country change its national bird?
Yes. Though rare, changes can occur through legislative action or public campaign, as seen in Canada’s adoption of the common loon.

Is the bald eagle the national bird of the United States?
Yes. The bald eagle has been the national bird since 1782, appearing on the Great Seal and numerous federal insignia.

How can I see my country’s national bird in the wild?
Research its natural habitat, consult local birdwatching groups, visit protected areas during peak activity times, and practice ethical wildlife viewing.