What Is the State Bird of Each U.S. State?

The state bird of a U.S. state is the official avian symbol adopted by each individual state, and when someone asks what is the state bird, they are typically seeking to identify which species represents a particular state in official designations. Each state has chosen a native or culturally significant bird as its emblem, reflecting regional pride, ecological identity, and natural heritage. These choices were made through legislative acts, often following campaigns by schoolchildren, ornithological societies, or conservation groups. For example, the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) is one of the most popular state birds, serving as the official symbol for seven states including Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia. Understanding what the state bird represents goes beyond biology—it touches on history, symbolism, and civic identity.

History and Significance of State Birds

The tradition of designating official state birds began in the early 20th century as part of a broader movement to establish state symbols such as flowers, trees, and songs. The first state to adopt an official bird was Oregon in 1927, choosing the Western Meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta). By the 1950s, all 48 contiguous states had selected their official birds, with Hawaii and Alaska following after achieving statehood in 1959.

These selections were not random. In many cases, the chosen bird was already beloved by residents due to its song, appearance, or presence throughout the year. For instance, New Jersey chose the Eastern Goldfinch (now known as the American Goldfinch) because it appears in vibrant yellow plumage during summer months, symbolizing brightness and resilience. Similarly, Arizona selected the Cactus Wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus) in 1931—long before official legislation became widespread—because it thrives in the Sonoran Desert ecosystem, embodying adaptability and survival in harsh conditions.

The process of selecting a state bird often involved public participation. In some states, schoolchildren voted on their favorite local bird. This democratic approach helped foster environmental awareness among youth and strengthened community ties to nature. Today, these birds serve educational purposes in classrooms and are featured on license plates, state websites, and tourism materials.

Biological Profiles of Notable State Birds

While symbolic value plays a major role, biological traits also influenced decisions. Most state birds are passerines (perching birds), common within their regions, and easily recognizable. Below is a detailed overview of several prominent state birds and their scientific characteristics:

State	State Bird	Scientific Name	Key Traits
California	California Quail	Callipepla californica	Plump, ground-dwelling bird with distinctive topknot; social, lives in coveys
Texas	Northern Mockingbird	Mimus polyglottos	Excellent mimic; sings at night; defends territory aggressively
New York	Eastern Bluebird	Sialia sialis	Bright blue upperparts; nests in cavities; indicator of healthy ecosystems
Florida	Northern Mockingbird	Mimus polyglottos	Same as Texas; highly adaptable urban dweller
Maine	Black-capped Chickadee	Poecile atricapillus	Hardy winter survivor; curious and bold around humans

Each of these species contributes uniquely to local ecosystems. The California Quail, for example, helps disperse seeds and serves as prey for raptors and mammals. Its preference for chaparral and open woodlands makes it an important bioindicator for habitat health. Meanwhile, the Northern Mockingbird’s ability to imitate dozens of other bird calls enhances biodiversity monitoring efforts—researchers can use its repertoire to assess species richness in an area.

Regional Patterns and Distribution Trends

There are clear geographic patterns in state bird selection. The Northern Cardinal dominates the eastern and central United States, where its bright red color stands out against winter landscapes. It is absent only from the far northwest and New England, where colder climates favor hardier species like the Black-capped Chickadee or the Hermit Thrush (Vermont’s state bird).

In the arid Southwest, birds adapted to desert life prevail. Arizona’s Cactus Wren builds bulky nests in cholla cacti, while New Mexico’s Greater Roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) runs across open plains hunting lizards and snakes. These choices reflect regional pride in unique adaptations and survival strategies.

On the Pacific Coast, seabirds and shorebirds feature prominently. Washington’s state bird is the American Goldfinch, but nearby coastal areas frequently see Tufted Puffins and Rhinoceros Auklets—species that could have been contenders given their visual appeal. However, policymakers favored land-based birds that are more commonly seen in backyards and parks.

How to Find Your State's Official Bird

If you're wondering what is the state bird of your home state or one you’re visiting, there are several reliable ways to find accurate information:

• Visit your state government’s official website: Most states have a “Symbols” or “State Facts” section under the Secretary of State or Department of Natural Resources.
• Check with local Audubon chapters: These organizations often publish guides highlighting native species, including state-designated birds.
• Use field guides focused on regional birds: Books like Kaufman Field Guide to Birds of North America include notes on state symbols.
• Search using precise queries: Try phrases like “official state bird of [State]” or “what is the state bird designated by law in [State]” for up-to-date results.

Note that while most states have only one official bird, a few recognize additional categories. For example, Maryland has both the Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula) as its state bird and the Maryland Dove (a nickname for the Mourning Dove) as a ceremonial symbol. Always verify whether secondary titles exist if conducting academic or legal research.

Common Misconceptions About State Birds

Despite their official status, several myths persist about state birds:

1. Misconception: State birds must be rare or endangered. Reality: Most are common, widespread species precisely because they are familiar to residents.
2. Misconception: Once chosen, the designation never changes. Reality: While rare, changes can occur. In 2018, discussions emerged in Minnesota about replacing the Common Loon due to climate concerns affecting its range.
3. Misconception: All states chose their birds independently. Reality: Some followed trends. After the Northern Cardinal gained popularity, multiple states adopted it within a short timeframe.
4. Misconception: State birds receive special legal protection. Reality: They do not gain extra conservation status solely from being symbolic. Protection depends on federal and state wildlife laws.

Why State Birds Matter Beyond Symbolism

Official birds play a vital role in environmental education and conservation advocacy. When schools teach students about their state bird, they often incorporate lessons on habitat loss, migration, and climate change. For example, teaching about the Brown Pelican—the state bird of Louisiana—provides opportunities to discuss oil spill impacts and wetland restoration.

Moreover, citizen science initiatives like eBird and Project FeederWatch encourage people to report sightings of state birds. This data helps scientists track population trends and respond to threats. In this way, symbolic recognition translates into real-world ecological benefits.

From a cultural standpoint, state birds appear in literature, music, and sports. The Baltimore Orioles baseball team takes its name from Maryland’s state bird, while the Roadrunner inspires mascots across the Southwest. These connections deepen public engagement with nature and reinforce regional identity.

Practical Tips for Observing State Birds

Whether you're a beginner birder or seasoned naturalist, spotting your state bird can be a rewarding experience. Here are practical tips:

• Learn its call: Use apps like Merlin Bird ID or Song Sleuth to practice identifying vocalizations. Many state birds, like the Mockingbird or Meadowlark, have distinct songs.
• Know its habitat: Research preferred environments—woodlands, wetlands, deserts, etc.—and visit protected areas where the bird is likely to appear.
• Time your observations: Early morning hours offer the best activity levels. Breeding season (spring/summer) increases visibility and singing behavior.
• Support conservation efforts: Join local birdwatching groups or donate to habitat preservation programs that benefit your state bird.

Conclusion: What Is the State Bird — And Why It Counts

To answer what is the state bird, we must look not only at legal designations but also at what these birds represent ecologically and culturally. Each choice reflects a blend of natural beauty, regional pride, and educational opportunity. From the soaring Western Meadowlark of Montana to the cheerful Chickadee of Maine, these avian emblems connect us to the landscapes we inhabit. As climate change and urban development reshape habitats, protecting these species becomes increasingly important—not just as symbols, but as living components of our shared environment.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the most common state bird in the U.S.?

The Northern Cardinal is the most frequently chosen state bird, representing seven states.

Can a state have more than one official bird?

No state officially recognizes more than one primary state bird, though some honor secondary or historical avian symbols.

Do state birds get special legal protection?

No, designation as a state bird does not grant additional legal protections. Conservation status depends on separate wildlife regulations.

How were state birds originally chosen?

Most were selected through legislative action, often influenced by schoolchildren’s votes, ornithological societies, or women’s clubs in the early 20th century.

Where can I see my state bird in the wild?

Check local nature reserves, national forests, or bird sanctuaries that match the bird’s preferred habitat. Using eBird.org can help locate recent sightings.