The State Bird of Delaware is the Blue Hen Chicken

The state bird for Delaware is the Blue Hen Chicken, a proud symbol deeply rooted in the state's history and cultural identity. Known for its spirited nature and distinctive blue-gray plumage, the Blue Hen Chicken has represented Delaware since 1939. Often referred to in queries such as 'what is the state bird for Delaware' or 'Delaware’s official bird,' this unique choice reflects more than just avian appeal—it embodies courage, resilience, and state pride. Unlike many states that chose wild native birds, Delaware honored a domestic fowl with legendary ties to its early military heritage, making it a fascinating subject for both historians and bird enthusiasts alike.

Historical Origins of the Blue Hen Chicken as Delaware’s Symbol

The story of the Blue Hen Chicken begins during the American Revolutionary War, where it earned lasting fame through association with Captain Jonathan Caldwell’s company of soldiers from Kent County, Delaware. These troops, known as the “Blue Boys” or “Sons of Liberty,” were renowned not only for their bravery but also for bringing gamecocks into battle camps. The soldiers raised and fought these blue-plumed chickens in cockfights, which were common forms of entertainment and morale-boosting at the time. Their fighting cocks, bred from the descendants of old English game birds, displayed a striking slate-blue feather coloration and exceptional tenacity—traits that soon became symbolic of the soldiers themselves.

Because of their fierce reputation on the battlefield and in the cockpit, the Delaware troops—and by extension, their fighting hens—became known as the 'Blue Hen Chickens.' Over time, this nickname evolved into a broader emblem of Delawarean courage and determination. By the 19th century, the term was widely used in political cartoons, newspapers, and military regiments to represent the state’s fighting spirit.

Official Designation: When Did It Become the State Bird?

Although the Blue Hen Chicken had long been an informal mascot, it wasn’t until May 6, 1939, that it was officially adopted as Delaware’s state bird. This designation came after years of advocacy by civic groups, schoolchildren, and historical societies who recognized the bird’s deep cultural significance. House Bill No. 248, passed by the Delaware General Assembly and signed into law by Governor Richard C. McMullen, formally declared the Blue Hen Chicken the state bird.

Interestingly, the legislation does not specify a particular breed standard beyond referencing the traditional blue-gray coloring and gamebird characteristics. Instead, it emphasizes the symbolic value of the bird rather than biological classification. This makes the Blue Hen Chicken one of the few state birds in the U.S. that is not a wild species but a domesticated fowl with historic and folkloric roots.

Biology and Characteristics of the Blue Hen Chicken

From a biological standpoint, the Blue Hen Chicken is not a standardized breed but rather a type of chicken derived primarily from the Old English Game breed. Its most distinguishing feature is its blue-gray plumage, which results from a dilution gene affecting black pigment in the feathers. However, true 'blue' chickens are genetically complex; mating two blue birds can produce offspring with black, white, or mottled patterns due to incomplete dominance.

These chickens are medium-sized, agile, and known for their alertness and hardiness. Hens typically weigh between 4.5 and 5.5 pounds and lay small to medium brown eggs. While they are capable flyers over short distances, they are generally kept in enclosures due to their value and status as a heritage symbol.

Despite being a domestic bird, the Blue Hen shares traits with wild gallinaceous birds like pheasants and grouse—ground-dwelling, omnivorous feeders that scratch for seeds, insects, and vegetation. They thrive in temperate climates, making Delaware’s Mid-Atlantic environment ideal for their care and preservation.

Cultural Significance and Modern Representation

The Blue Hen Chicken transcends ornithology; it is a living emblem woven into Delaware’s institutions and public life. The University of Delaware’s athletic teams are nicknamed the 'Fightin’ Blue Hens,' and the mascot, YoUDee, is a costumed version of the bird, complete with a Revolutionary War-style tricorn hat. Football games, merchandise, and campus traditions all celebrate this avian icon.

Additionally, the Blue Hen appears on state welcome signs, license plates, and educational materials. Schools across Delaware often teach students about the bird’s origin as part of civics and history curricula. Annual events, such as the Delaware State Fair, feature exhibitions of Blue Hen-type chickens, promoting awareness and conservation of heritage poultry breeds.

This cultural embedding ensures that even though the bird isn’t seen in the wild like robins or eagles, its presence is felt throughout the state. For residents and visitors alike, asking 'what is the state bird for Delaware' opens a door to understanding regional pride and historical storytelling.

Common Misconceptions About Delaware’s State Bird

One frequent misunderstanding is that the Blue Hen Chicken is a federally recognized breed like the Rhode Island Red or Plymouth Rock. In reality, there is no official breed called 'Blue Hen Chicken.' Rather, it refers to a phenotype—birds exhibiting the characteristic blue-gray feathers and gamebird conformation historically associated with Delaware.

Another misconception is that the bird is native to Delaware. While the lineage traces back to European gamecocks brought by settlers, the specific development of the 'blue' variant occurred within the U.S., particularly among breeding lines in Delaware and neighboring states. Thus, it is more accurate to describe the Blue Hen as a culturally native symbol rather than a biologically indigenous species.

Some also assume that the state bird must be protected or regulated like bald eagles or other wildlife. However, because the Blue Hen Chicken is a domestic animal, it falls under agricultural and private ownership laws, not wildlife protection statutes. There are no legal restrictions on owning or raising Blue Hen-type chickens, provided local zoning and animal ordinances are followed.

How to See or Own a Blue Hen Chicken

For those interested in observing or raising Blue Hen Chickens, several avenues exist. Heritage poultry farms and breeders across Delaware and the Mid-Atlantic region maintain bloodlines that closely resemble the historic fighting hens. Organizations such as the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy and the Society for the Preservation of Poultry Antiquities list registered breeders specializing in Old English Game fowl with blue plumage.

To own one, check municipal codes regarding backyard chickens. Many cities in Delaware, including Wilmington and Dover, allow small flocks with permits. Coops must meet basic standards for space, ventilation, and predator protection. Raising Blue Hens requires attention to diet, disease prevention, and social dynamics, especially if roosters are included.

For non-owners, visiting the Delaware State Museum in Dover or attending the Delaware State Fair in Harrington offers opportunities to see live demonstrations and exhibits featuring Blue Hen-type chickens. Educational programs often include talks on their history, biology, and role in American folklore.

Comparison With Other State Birds

Delaware stands out among U.S. states for selecting a domesticated bird rather than a wild species. Most states chose birds based on natural abundance and ecological relevance—for example, the Northern Cardinal (Indiana, Illinois) or the Western Meadowlark (Kansas, Montana). In contrast, Delaware’s choice emphasizes human history and mythos over ornithological prevalence.

Only a few states have similarly unconventional choices. Maryland’s state bird is the Baltimore Oriole, named after Lord Baltimore’s coat of arms, linking it to heraldry. Hawaii’s state bird, the Nene, is a rare goose endemic to the islands, highlighting conservation. Compared to these, Delaware’s Blue Hen Chicken is unique in being tied directly to military folklore and personal companionship (as camp animals), rather than geography or nobility.

State	State Bird	Year Adopted	Type
Delaware	Blue Hen Chicken	1939	Domestic Fowl
California	California Quail	1931	Wild Bird
Texas	Northern Mockingbird	1927	Wild Bird
New Jersey	Earned Heron	1935	Wild Bird

Practical Tips for Educators and Bird Enthusiasts

Teachers looking to incorporate Delaware’s state bird into lessons can combine biology, history, and civics. Activities might include researching Revolutionary War units, studying poultry genetics, or creating art projects based on YoUDee, the university mascot. Field trips to local farms or virtual tours of poultry conservancies enhance experiential learning.

Birdwatchers should note that while the Blue Hen Chicken won’t appear in field guides alongside warblers or raptors, understanding symbolic birds enriches regional appreciation. Including domestic and cultural species in broader discussions of 'birds in human society' broadens the scope of traditional birding.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why did Delaware choose a chicken as its state bird?

Delaware chose the Blue Hen Chicken due to its legendary association with courageous Revolutionary War soldiers whose fighting cocks became symbols of grit and perseverance.

Is the Blue Hen Chicken a real breed?

No single standardized breed exists called the 'Blue Hen Chicken.' It refers to blue-plumaged descendants of Old English Game fowl historically raised in Delaware.

Can I raise a Blue Hen Chicken in my backyard?

Yes, provided your city allows backyard poultry. Check local regulations in Delaware municipalities like Newark or Lewes before setting up a coop.

Where can I see a Blue Hen Chicken in Delaware?

You can view them at the Delaware State Fair, agricultural shows, or heritage farms specializing in antique poultry breeds.

Does the Blue Hen Chicken appear on any state symbols?

Yes, it appears on Delaware license plates, welcome signs, and is the mascot of the University of Delaware’s sports teams.