Ohio's State Bird is the Northern Cardinal

The official state bird of Ohio is the northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). This striking red songbird was designated as Ohio’s state symbol in 1933, following a widespread public campaign led by schoolchildren and bird enthusiasts. Known for its brilliant plumage and distinctive crest, the northern cardinal remains one of the most beloved birds across the eastern United States, and its selection as the state bird for Ohio reflects both its ecological significance and cultural resonance within the region.

Historical Background: How the Northern Cardinal Became Ohio’s Symbol

The journey to officially naming the northern cardinal as Ohio’s state bird began in the early 20th century, during a period when many U.S. states were adopting official symbols to foster regional pride and identity. In 1929, the Ohio General Assembly passed a resolution requesting that public schools participate in selecting a representative bird. Thousands of students voted, and the northern cardinal emerged as the overwhelming favorite—praised for its beauty, melodious song, and common visibility in backyards and woodlands throughout the year.

Although initially recommended through this educational initiative, it wasn’t until June 1933 that the Ohio legislature formally adopted the northern cardinal as the official state bird via Senate Bill No. 87. At the time, Ohio joined several other Midwestern and Eastern states—including West Virginia, Virginia, and Indiana—that had also chosen the cardinal for similar reasons. The decision reflected not only aesthetic preferences but also an emerging awareness of native wildlife conservation.

Biological Profile: Understanding the Northern Cardinal

To fully appreciate why the northern cardinal earned such honor in Ohio, it helps to understand its biological characteristics and behavior. A medium-sized songbird measuring about 8–9 inches in length, the male northern cardinal is unmistakable with its vivid crimson feathers, black face mask, and prominent crest. Females are more subdued in coloration—olive-brown with reddish tinges on wings, tail, and crest—but share the same robust build and strong conical bill adapted for seed-eating.

One key reason behind its popularity as Ohio’s official state bird is its non-migratory nature. Unlike many bird species that leave the region during winter, cardinals remain resident year-round, offering residents a splash of color even in snowy months. Their presence enhances urban, suburban, and rural landscapes alike, making them highly visible and accessible to casual observers and serious birdwatchers.

Cardinals are monogamous and often form long-term pair bonds. Males are known for their complex vocalizations, using a series of clear whistles to defend territory and attract mates. Interestingly, female cardinals also sing—rare among North American songbirds—and their songs may signal coordination between pairs during nesting season.

Habitat and Distribution Across Ohio

Northern cardinals thrive in a wide range of habitats, including woodland edges, shrubby fields, hedgerows, parks, and residential gardens. They prefer areas with dense cover for nesting but require open feeding grounds nearby. In Ohio, they can be found in every county, from the forested hills of the southeast to the agricultural plains of the northwest.

Urbanization has actually benefited the species in some ways; backyard feeders stocked with sunflower seeds provide a reliable food source, especially during harsh winters. Cardinals typically nest between March and August, constructing cup-shaped nests low in thickets or evergreen trees. Each clutch usually contains three to four eggs, which the female incubates while the male brings food.

Feature	Description
Scientific Name	Cardinalis cardinalis
Length	8–9 inches (21–23 cm)
Wingspan	10–12 inches (25–31 cm)
Weight	1.5–1.7 oz (42–48 g)
Lifespan (wild)	Average 3 years; up to 15+ years recorded
Diet	Seeds, fruits, insects
Status in Ohio	Common permanent resident

Cultural Significance and Symbolism

Beyond biology, the northern cardinal holds deep symbolic meaning in American culture—and particularly in Ohio. Its bright red plumage is often associated with vitality, passion, and spiritual renewal. Many people interpret sightings of cardinals as messages from loved ones who have passed away, a belief rooted in folklore rather than science, yet widely shared across generations.

In sports and civic life, the cardinal appears frequently. Ohio University’s athletic teams are known as the Bobcats, but numerous high schools across the state use “Cardinals” as their mascot. Additionally, the bird features prominently in holiday cards, garden art, and local branding—further cementing its status as a cultural icon.

As the state bird representing Ohio, the cardinal embodies resilience and continuity. Its ability to endure cold winters and still sing joyfully resonates with the character many Ohioans attribute to themselves—hardworking, enduring, and proud.

How to Observe Northern Cardinals in Ohio: Tips for Birdwatchers

For those interested in observing the northern cardinal in its natural environment, Ohio offers excellent opportunities year-round. Here are practical tips for enhancing your experience:

• Visit During Early Morning or Late Afternoon: Cardinals are most active during dawn and dusk when they forage for food and sing to establish territory.
• Use Backyard Feeders: Install tube or hopper feeders filled with black oil sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, or cracked corn. Cardinals prefer platform-style feeders where they can perch comfortably.
• Plant Native Shrubs: To attract nesting cardinals, consider planting dense, thicket-forming species like dogwood, hawthorn, sumac, or viburnum.
• Listen for Calls: Learn to recognize the cardinal’s song—a series of loud, musical whistles like “what-cheer, what-cheer” or “birdie-birdie-birdie.” Their call notes include sharp “chip” sounds used as alarms.
• Respect Nesting Areas: If you spot a nest, avoid approaching too closely. Disturbance can cause abandonment or predation.

Popular birding locations in Ohio where cardinals are regularly seen include Magee Marsh Wildlife Area, Hocking Hills State Park, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, and Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. These sites also host annual events like the Biggest Week in Birding, drawing enthusiasts from across the country.

Conservation Status and Environmental Considerations

The northern cardinal is currently listed as a species of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), thanks to its large range and stable population. However, localized threats do exist. Habitat fragmentation due to development, pesticide use, and window collisions pose risks to individual birds.

In Ohio, conservation efforts focus on preserving green corridors and promoting bird-safe building practices. Simple actions—like placing decals on windows or keeping cats indoors—can significantly reduce mortality rates. Supporting organizations like the Ohio Audubon Society or participating in citizen science projects such as Project FeederWatch also contribute to broader monitoring and protection initiatives.

Common Misconceptions About Ohio’s State Bird

Despite its fame, several myths surround the northern cardinal. One common misconception is that all red birds seen in Ohio are male cardinals. In reality, young males and females may appear similar, and other red-toned birds—such as scarlet tanagers or house finches—can be mistaken for cardinals, especially at a distance.

Another myth is that cardinals migrate south for winter. As previously noted, they are permanent residents in Ohio and do not undertake seasonal migrations. Their increased visibility in winter, when foliage is sparse, may create the illusion of sudden appearance.

Lastly, some believe that feeding cardinals alters their natural behavior or makes them dependent on humans. While supplemental feeding does influence foraging patterns, studies show that most wild birds rely primarily on natural food sources and use feeders as a supplement, especially during extreme weather.

Why Ohio Chose the Cardinal Over Other Birds

During the 1929 school vote, several other birds competed for consideration, including the American goldfinch, eastern bluebird, and Baltimore oriole—all colorful and familiar species. Yet the northern cardinal stood out due to its bold appearance, pleasant song, and consistent presence throughout the year.

Unlike the goldfinch, which molts into a duller plumage in winter, or the bluebird, which migrates partially, the cardinal maintains its visual impact across seasons. Furthermore, its adaptability to human-altered environments made it a symbol of coexistence between nature and civilization—an ideal representation for a rapidly modernizing state.

Frequently Asked Questions

When did Ohio officially adopt the northern cardinal as its state bird?

Ohio officially adopted the northern cardinal as its state bird on June 24, 1933, through legislative action following a statewide schoolchildren’s vote.

Is the northern cardinal found only in Ohio?

No, the northern cardinal is native to much of the eastern and central United States, parts of the Southwest, and Mexico. It has also expanded its range northward into Canada in recent decades.

Can I keep a northern cardinal as a pet?

No. Under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, it is illegal to capture, possess, or sell native wild birds like the northern cardinal without federal permit.

Do female northern cardinals sing?

Yes, female northern cardinals are among the few female songbirds in North America that sing regularly. Their songs are often softer and used to communicate with mates, especially during nesting.

What should I feed northern cardinals in my backyard?

Cardinals prefer black oil sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cracked corn, and white proso millet. Offering these in platform or tray feeders will increase your chances of attracting them.