Ohio's State Bird is the Northern Cardinal

The official state bird of Ohio is the northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). This striking red songbird was officially designated as Ohio’s state bird in 1933, making it a longstanding symbol of the state’s natural heritage. Known for its bright plumage and melodious song, the northern cardinal stands out among North American birds and has become deeply embedded in Ohio’s cultural and ecological identity. As one of the most frequently searched avian symbols—especially in queries like 'what is the state bird in Ohio' or 'Ohio state bird facts'—the cardinal continues to capture public interest across generations.

Historical Background: How the Northern Cardinal Became Ohio’s Symbol

The selection of the northern cardinal as Ohio’s state bird reflects both popular sentiment and scientific appreciation. In the early 20th century, many U.S. states began adopting official symbols to foster regional pride and environmental awareness. Ohio joined this movement after a campaign led by schoolchildren and supported by ornithological societies. The cardinal beat out several other native species—including the bluebird and goldfinch—due to its widespread visibility, distinctive appearance, and non-migratory habits.

The formal adoption occurred on June 17, 1933, when Governor George White signed House Bill No. 85 into law. At that time, Ohio became one of the first states to recognize the cardinal as its official bird; today, it holds the same honor in six additional states (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia), more than any other state bird in the U.S.

Why the Northern Cardinal Was Chosen

Several key factors contributed to the cardinal’s selection:

• Year-Round Presence: Unlike migratory birds that disappear seasonally, cardinals reside in Ohio throughout the year, making them a consistent and reliable symbol.
• Vivid Appearance: Male cardinals boast brilliant crimson feathers and a prominent crest, while females exhibit warm tan tones with reddish accents—both visually appealing and easily identifiable.
• Distinctive Song: Their clear, whistling calls can be heard even in winter, adding an auditory dimension to their symbolic value.
• Non-Threatening Nature: Cardinals do not damage crops or property, which made them favorable among farmers and urban residents alike.
• Cultural Resonance: The bird’s red color evokes vitality and passion, often associated with sports teams (like the St. Louis Cardinals) and holiday imagery.

Biological Profile of the Northern Cardinal

Beyond symbolism, the northern cardinal is a fascinating species from a biological standpoint. Here are essential facts about its life history and behavior:

Feature	Description
Scientific Name	Cardinalis cardinalis
Average Length	8–9 inches (21–23 cm)
Wingspan	10–12 inches (25–31 cm)
Weight	1.5–1.7 ounces (42–48 g)
Lifespan (wild)	3–5 years average; up to 15+ years recorded
Diet	Seeds, fruits, insects, sunflower kernels
Nesting Season	March through September
Eggs per Brood	2–5 eggs; 2–3 broods annually
Habitat	Woodland edges, shrublands, backyards, parks

Cardinals are sexually dimorphic, meaning males and females look different. Males are entirely red with black facial markings around the bill, while females are pale brown or olive with hints of red on wings, tail, and crest. Both sexes have strong conical bills adapted for cracking seeds and a prominent head crest used in communication.

These birds are monogamous and often form long-term pair bonds. They are also territorial, especially during breeding season, with males singing vigorously to defend their space and attract mates. Interestingly, female cardinals also sing—rare among songbirds—which may help coordinate nesting duties with their partners.

Ecological Role and Conservation Status

In Ohio’s ecosystems, northern cardinals play important roles as seed dispersers and insect controllers. By consuming berries and later excreting the seeds, they contribute to plant regeneration. During nesting season, parents feed their young a protein-rich diet of caterpillars, beetles, and spiders, helping regulate insect populations.

The species is currently listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), indicating stable population levels. However, localized threats exist, including habitat fragmentation, window collisions, and predation by domestic cats. Climate change could shift their range northward over time, potentially altering their distribution within Ohio in coming decades.

Where and When to See Northern Cardinals in Ohio

One of the joys of living in or visiting Ohio is the ease with which you can observe northern cardinals. Because they do not migrate, they can be seen in all 88 counties year-round. However, certain seasons and locations enhance viewing opportunities:

• Best Time to Observe: Early morning (dawn to 9 AM) and late afternoon (4–6 PM), when cardinals are most active feeding.
• Winter Viewing: Snow-covered landscapes make the male’s red plumage especially visible against white backgrounds.
• Preferred Habitats: Look for cardinals near dense shrubs, hedgerows, forest edges, and suburban gardens. They favor areas with native berry-producing plants such as dogwood, sumac, and hawthorn.
• Backyard Birding Tips: Install tube or hopper feeders filled with black oil sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, or cracked corn. Provide water sources and avoid using pesticides that reduce insect availability.

Popular birdwatching sites in Ohio where cardinals are regularly spotted include:\p>

• Cuyahoga Valley National Park
• Hocking Hills State Park
• Maumee Bay State Park
• Chaparral Wildlife Area
• Edge of Appalachia Preserve

Cultural Significance Beyond State Symbolism

The northern cardinal carries rich symbolic meanings across cultures. In Native American traditions, red birds were sometimes viewed as messengers between worlds or signs of good fortune. In modern times, seeing a cardinal is often interpreted as a visit from a loved one who has passed—a belief widely shared across the Midwest and South.

In Ohio specifically, the cardinal appears on license plates, university logos (e.g., Oberlin College), and municipal emblems. It is also the namesake of the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team, whose fan base extends into southern Ohio, reinforcing regional identity.

Artists, poets, and photographers frequently feature cardinals due to their aesthetic appeal. Their image graces Christmas cards, garden ornaments, and jewelry—symbolizing joy, endurance, and spiritual connection.

Common Misconceptions About Ohio’s State Bird

Despite its popularity, several myths persist about the northern cardinal:

• Misconception: Cardinals migrate south for winter.
  Reality: They are permanent residents in Ohio and do not undertake seasonal migrations.
• Misconception: Only male cardinals sing.
  Reality: Females sing regularly, particularly during nest-building and chick-rearing.
• Misconception: Cardinals are rare or endangered.
  Reality: They are abundant and expanding their range northward due to milder winters and backyard feeding.
• Misconception: All red birds in Ohio are cardinals.
  Reality: Juvenile cardinals and females are not fully red; meanwhile, other red-hued birds like house finches or scarlet tanagers may be mistaken for cardinals.

Tips for Supporting Ohio’s State Bird

If you want to help conserve and enjoy northern cardinals in your community, consider these practical actions:

1. Create a Bird-Friendly Yard: Plant native trees and shrubs that provide food and shelter. Avoid invasive species like bush honeysuckle.
2. Use Window Decals: Apply patterns or UV-reflective stickers to prevent fatal collisions—cardinals are prone to flying into glass.
3. Keep Cats Indoors: Free-roaming cats kill millions of birds annually, including cardinals.
4. Participate in Citizen Science: Join projects like Project FeederWatch or eBird to report sightings and contribute data.
5. Support Local Conservation Efforts: Donate to or volunteer with organizations protecting natural habitats in Ohio.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: When did Ohio choose the northern cardinal as its state bird?
A: Ohio officially adopted the northern cardinal as its state bird on June 17, 1933.

Q: Are there any other state symbols associated with the cardinal in Ohio?
A: While the cardinal is the only official state bird, its image appears unofficially on various state-related materials, including tourism promotions and educational resources.

Q: Do female northern cardinals have red feathers?
A: Yes, though less vividly than males. Female cardinals display reddish tinges on their wings, tail, and crest, set against a tan or light brown body.

Q: Can I see northern cardinals in urban areas of Ohio?
A: Absolutely. Cardinals thrive in cities and suburbs, especially where green spaces, gardens, and bird feeders are available.

Q: Why do some people believe seeing a cardinal brings good luck?
A: This belief stems from folklore suggesting that cardinals carry messages from departed loved ones or represent hope and renewal, particularly in winter months.