What Is West Virginia's State Bird?

The official state bird of West Virginia is the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), a species that has symbolized the Mountain State since its official adoption in 1949. Known for its striking red plumage in males and distinctive crest, the Northern Cardinal was chosen as West Virginia’s avian emblem due to its widespread presence across the state, melodious song, and cultural resonance with local residents. This makes it one of the most recognizable birds in North America and a fitting representative of West Virginia’s rich natural heritage. As a non-migratory songbird commonly found in woodlands, gardens, and suburban areas, the Northern Cardinal fits perfectly into both ecological and symbolic narratives—answering not only the question of what is WV state bird but also why this particular species holds enduring significance.

Historical Background: How the Northern Cardinal Became West Virginia’s State Bird

The journey to select an official state bird began in the early 20th century, as many U.S. states sought symbols to reflect regional identity. While West Virginia initially considered other native species such as the Eastern Bluebird or American Robin, public sentiment and schoolchildren campaigns ultimately favored the Northern Cardinal. On June 18, 1949, Governor William C. Marland signed House Joint Resolution No. 16, officially designating the Northern Cardinal as the state bird of West Virginia.

This decision followed years of advocacy by ornithologists, educators, and conservation groups who emphasized the bird’s adaptability, visibility, and aesthetic appeal. Unlike migratory species that vanish seasonally, the Northern Cardinal remains present throughout the year, making it a constant companion to West Virginians in all seasons—a trait that bolstered its symbolic value.

Biological Profile of the Northern Cardinal

To fully understand why the Northern Cardinal was selected as the state bird, it's essential to examine its biological characteristics:

• Scientific Name: Cardinalis cardinalis
• Family: Cardinalidae
• Average Length: 8–9 inches (21–23 cm)
• Wingspan: 10–12 inches (25–31 cm)
• Weight: 1.5–1.7 ounces (42–48 grams)
• Lifespan: Up to 15 years in the wild (average 3–4 years)
• Diet: Primarily seeds, fruits, and insects
• Habitat: Woodland edges, shrublands, backyards, parks

Male Northern Cardinals are easily identified by their bright crimson feathers and prominent crest, while females exhibit a more subdued tan or olive coloration with reddish tinges on wings, tail, and crest. Both sexes possess strong conical beaks adapted for cracking seeds—a feature especially useful during winter months when food sources are limited.

One of the most notable traits of the Northern Cardinal is its complex vocal repertoire. Males sing up to 200 different song variations, often used to defend territory or attract mates. Interestingly, females also sing—uncommon among female songbirds—and may duet with males during breeding season, strengthening pair bonds.

Cultural and Symbolic Significance

The choice of the Northern Cardinal as West Virginia’s state bird extends beyond biology; it reflects deep cultural roots. In Appalachian folklore, cardinals are often seen as messengers from loved ones who have passed away, bringing comfort during times of grief. Their vivid red coloring is associated with vitality, passion, and spiritual awareness.

In modern times, the cardinal appears frequently in regional art, literature, and holiday imagery. Its image graces everything from Christmas cards to local sports team logos, reinforcing its status as a beloved icon. For many West Virginians, spotting a cardinal evokes feelings of home, continuity, and connection to nature.

Moreover, the Northern Cardinal shares this honor with six other U.S. states—Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, and Virginia—making it the most widely adopted state bird in the nation. This widespread recognition underscores its popularity and symbolic power across the eastern United States.

Where and When to Observe the Northern Cardinal in West Virginia

For birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts interested in observing the state bird in its natural habitat, West Virginia offers numerous opportunities. The Northern Cardinal thrives in mixed forests, riparian zones, and human-modified landscapes like gardens and golf courses. Because it does not migrate, cardinals can be observed year-round, though they are most visible during dawn and dusk hours when actively feeding.

Best locations for cardinal sightings include:

• Monongahela National Forest – Offers diverse habitats where cardinals coexist with other woodland species.
• Blackwater Falls State Park – A scenic area with abundant shrub cover ideal for nesting cardinals.
\li>Greenbrier River Trail – A former railroad converted into a hiking and biking trail lined with thickets perfect for birding.
• Urban Parks in Charleston and Morgantown – Even in cities, cardinals adapt well to green spaces and backyard feeders.

Winter is an excellent time to spot cardinals against snow-covered backdrops, while spring brings increased singing activity as males establish territories. Early morning hours between 6:00 AM and 8:00 AM offer optimal viewing conditions.

Tips for Attracting Northern Cardinals to Your Yard

If you live in West Virginia—or anywhere within the bird’s range—you can support local populations by creating a cardinal-friendly environment. Here are practical steps:

1. Install Platform or Hopper Feeders: Cardinals prefer large, open feeders over tube-style ones. Fill them with sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cracked corn, or millet.
2. Provide Dense Shrubs and Evergreens: These serve as shelter from predators and harsh weather. Consider planting holly, dogwood, or viburnum.
3. Maintain a Water Source: A shallow birdbath with fresh water encourages drinking and bathing, especially in dry seasons.
4. Avoid Pesticides: Chemicals reduce insect availability, which is crucial for nestlings during breeding season.
5. Limit Outdoor Cat Access: Domestic cats are leading causes of bird mortality. Keep pets indoors or use enclosed outdoor enclosures.

By following these guidelines, homeowners contribute to conservation efforts while enjoying close-up views of one of West Virginia’s most cherished birds.

Common Misconceptions About the Northern Cardinal

Despite its fame, several myths persist about the Northern Cardinal. Addressing these helps clarify what is WV state bird and dispel misinformation:

• Misconception 1: “Cardinals mate for life.” While pairs often stay together through multiple breeding seasons, genetic studies show occasional extra-pair mating occurs.
• Misconception 2: “Red cardinals are always male.” Female cardinals can display red feathers, particularly on wings and tail, though never as uniformly red as males.
• Misconception 3: “They only eat seeds.” Though seed-heavy, cardinals consume significant amounts of insects during spring and summer to feed young.
• Misconception 4: “Cardinals are rare in mountainous regions.” In fact, they thrive at elevations up to 4,000 feet, common throughout West Virginia’s highlands.

Comparison With Other State Birds

While each U.S. state has chosen a unique bird, few match the Northern Cardinal’s broad appeal. Below is a comparison highlighting key differences:

State	State Bird	Year Adopted	Distinctive Features
West Virginia	Northern Cardinal	1949	Bright red male; sings year-round; non-migratory
California	California Quail	1931	Topknot plume; ground-dwelling; social flocks
New York	Eastern Bluebird	1970	Vivid blue plumage; cavity nester; insectivore
Texas	Northern Mockingbird	1927	Mimics other birds; aggressive defender; gray plumage
Alaska	Willow Ptarmigan	1955	Camouflaged; changes color seasonally; tundra dweller

This table illustrates how West Virginia’s selection emphasizes beauty, accessibility, and resilience—qualities embodied by the Northern Cardinal.

Conservation Status and Environmental Challenges

The Northern Cardinal is currently listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, localized threats exist, including habitat fragmentation, window collisions, and climate change impacts on food availability.

In West Virginia, forest management practices and urban sprawl influence cardinal distribution. Maintaining corridors of dense understory vegetation is critical for nesting success. Citizen science projects like eBird and Project FeederWatch help track population trends and inform conservation planning.

Additionally, invasive species such as European Starlings and House Sparrows may compete for nesting cavities, although cardinals typically build open-cup nests in shrubs rather than using cavities.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

When did West Virginia adopt the Northern Cardinal as its state bird?

West Virginia officially adopted the Northern Cardinal as its state bird on June 18, 1949, via legislative resolution signed by Governor William C. Marland.

Is the Northern Cardinal found only in West Virginia?

No, the Northern Cardinal inhabits much of the eastern and central United States, parts of Arizona and New Mexico, and extends into Mexico and Belize. It has also been introduced in places like Bermuda and Hawaii.

Why is the Northern Cardinal red?

The red coloration comes from carotenoid pigments in the bird’s diet, primarily derived from berries and seeds. Healthier birds tend to have brighter plumage, signaling fitness to potential mates.

Do female Northern Cardinals sing?

Yes, female Northern Cardinals are among the few female songbirds that sing regularly. They often sing from the nest during incubation, possibly communicating with their mate.

Can I see the state bird in my backyard in West Virginia?

Absolutely. Northern Cardinals are common visitors to backyard feeders, especially if you provide sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, and dense shrubbery for cover. Early mornings and late afternoons are the best times to observe them.