What Is Indiana State Bird: The Northern Cardinal

The Indiana state bird is the northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), a vibrant red songbird recognized for its striking appearance and melodic calls. Officially adopted as Indiana’s state bird in 1933, the northern cardinal stands out not only for its beauty but also for its cultural significance and year-round presence across the state. As one of the most widely recognized backyard birds in North America, this species has become a symbol of resilience, vitality, and natural heritage—making it a fitting choice for what is Indiana state bird. Its popularity among birdwatchers and its strong regional ties have cemented its status as an iconic representative of Indiana's wildlife.

History and Adoption of the Northern Cardinal as Indiana’s State Bird

The selection of the northern cardinal as Indiana’s official state bird was part of a broader early 20th-century movement in which U.S. states began adopting official symbols to reflect local identity and pride. In 1933, following a campaign led by schoolchildren and supported by the Indiana General Assembly, the northern cardinal was formally designated as the state bird through legislative action. This decision came after a statewide vote conducted by the Indiana Audubon Society and various educational institutions, where the cardinal emerged as the clear favorite over other native species such as the bluebird and meadowlark.

At the time, many Midwestern and Eastern states were choosing their own avian emblems, often favoring colorful, vocal, or culturally significant birds. The northern cardinal fit all these criteria. Unlike migratory species that disappear during winter months, the cardinal remains visible throughout the year, making it a constant presence in both rural and urban landscapes. Its bold red feathers—especially on males—are highly visible against snow-covered trees, reinforcing its association with endurance and cheerfulness even in cold seasons.

Biological Characteristics of the Northern Cardinal

To fully understand why the northern cardinal was chosen as the official bird of Indiana, it helps to examine its biological traits. The northern cardinal is a medium-sized songbird, measuring about 8–9 inches (20–23 cm) in length with a wingspan of approximately 10–12 inches (25–30 cm). Males are easily identified by their brilliant crimson plumage, prominent crest, black face mask around the eyes and beak, and thick, cone-shaped reddish-orange bill designed for cracking seeds.

Females, while less flamboyant, display subtle elegance with warm tan-brown feathers accented by reddish tinges on the wings, tail, and crest. They also possess the same facial markings and bill coloration as males. Both sexes exhibit strong sexual dimorphism, meaning male and female birds look distinctly different—a trait that makes them particularly interesting to ornithologists and casual observers alike.

Northern cardinals are non-migratory and typically maintain territories year-round. They are monogamous, often forming long-term pair bonds that can last multiple breeding seasons. During mating season, males may sing up to 200 songs per day to attract mates and defend territory. Interestingly, female cardinals also sing—uncommon among female songbirds—which scientists believe plays a role in coordinating nesting duties with their partners.

Habitat and Distribution in Indiana

The northern cardinal thrives in a wide range of habitats, including woodlands, gardens, shrublands, riparian zones, and suburban neighborhoods. In Indiana, they are commonly found in parks, backyards with bird feeders, forest edges, and along hedgerows. Their adaptability to human-modified environments has contributed significantly to their population growth and visibility across the state.

While originally more common in the southern United States, the cardinal’s range has expanded northward over the past century due to milder winters and increased availability of food sources like sunflower seeds from backyard feeders. Today, northern cardinals are present in all 92 counties of Indiana and are considered a permanent resident species. According to data from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology’s eBird project, cardinals rank among the top five most frequently reported birds in Indiana during annual citizen science surveys.

Cultural and Symbolic Significance

Beyond its biological attributes, the northern cardinal holds deep symbolic meaning in American culture—and particularly in Indiana. It is often associated with themes of hope, renewal, and spiritual connection. Many people interpret sightings of cardinals as messages from loved ones who have passed away, especially during holidays or emotionally significant times. While this belief stems more from folklore than scientific evidence, it underscores the emotional resonance the bird holds for many residents.

In sports, the cardinal serves as a mascot for several Indiana-based teams, including the St. Louis Cardinals’ fan base in southern Indiana and various high school athletic programs across the state. The bird’s image appears on license plates, tourism materials, and educational resources promoting environmental awareness. Its unmistakable silhouette and vivid coloring make it a powerful emblem of state pride.

How to Attract Northern Cardinals to Your Yard

For those interested in observing the state bird of Indiana up close, there are several practical steps you can take to make your yard more attractive to northern cardinals. These birds prefer dense shrubbery and evergreen cover for nesting and protection from predators. Planting native species such as dogwood, holly, sumac, and viburnum provides both shelter and natural food sources.

When it comes to feeding, cardinals are primarily granivorous, meaning they eat seeds. They favor black oil sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cracked corn, and millet. Use platform feeders or large hopper feeders with ample perching space, as cardinals are relatively large compared to smaller songbirds like finches. Avoid cylindrical tube feeders with small openings, which can deter cardinals from accessing food.

Providing fresh water through a birdbath or shallow fountain will further enhance your yard’s appeal. Place feeders near cover but at a safe distance to allow birds to escape quickly if a predator approaches. Keep cats indoors or restrict their outdoor access to protect visiting cardinals and other wildlife.

Conservation Status and Environmental Considerations

The northern cardinal is currently listed as a species of “Least Concern” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), indicating stable populations and no immediate threat of extinction. However, habitat loss, window collisions, and climate change pose ongoing challenges. Urban development continues to fragment green spaces, reducing available nesting sites and increasing exposure to domestic threats like feral cats and pesticides.

In Indiana, conservation efforts focus on preserving natural corridors, promoting native landscaping, and educating the public about responsible birdwatching practices. The Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR) encourages landowners to participate in programs like the Certified Wildlife Habitat initiative, which rewards eco-friendly yard management.

Additionally, light pollution and artificial lighting at night can disrupt cardinal behavior, affecting sleep patterns and migration cues—even though they don’t migrate. Reducing unnecessary outdoor lighting helps minimize ecological disruption and supports healthier bird populations.

Common Misconceptions About the Northern Cardinal

Despite its familiarity, several misconceptions surround the northern cardinal. One common myth is that only male cardinals sing. In reality, females sing regularly, particularly during nest-building and chick-rearing phases. Another misconception is that seeing a cardinal brings guaranteed good luck or divine intervention. While such interpretations are meaningful to individuals, they lack empirical support and should be understood as part of personal or cultural belief systems rather than ornithological fact.

Some people also assume that cardinals are rare because of their vivid coloration. On the contrary, they are quite abundant in Indiana and much of the eastern U.S., thanks to their adaptability and successful coexistence with humans. Finally, although cardinals appear red, their feathers do not contain red pigment. Instead, their color comes from carotenoid compounds obtained through diet—similar to how flamingos get their pink hue from shrimp consumption.

Comparison With Other State Birds

Indiana is not alone in selecting the northern cardinal as its state bird. It shares this honor with six other states: Illinois, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia—more than any other bird species in the U.S. This widespread adoption speaks to the cardinal’s broad appeal and regional significance across the Midwest and Southeast.

By contrast, some states have chosen rarer or more regionally specific birds. For example, California selected the California quail, while Hawaii chose the nene (Hawaiian goose). The bald eagle, a national symbol, serves as the state bird of only one state—Alaska. The cardinal’s multi-state recognition highlights its unique position as a unifying, accessible, and beloved species in American ornithology.

State	State Bird	Year Adopted
Indiana	Northern Cardinal	1933
Ohio	Northern Cardinal	1933
Kentucky	Northern Cardinal	1926
Illinois	Northern Cardinal	1929
West Virginia	Northern Cardinal	1949
North Carolina	Northern Cardinal	1943
Virginia	Northern Cardinal	1950

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Why did Indiana choose the northern cardinal as its state bird?

Indiana chose the northern cardinal in 1933 due to its widespread presence, striking appearance, and year-round residency. A public vote involving schoolchildren helped determine the final selection.

Can you hunt the northern cardinal in Indiana?

No, northern cardinals are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act. It is illegal to hunt, trap, or harm them without federal permission.

Do female northern cardinals sing?

Yes, female northern cardinals do sing. Their songs are often used to communicate with mates during nesting and may help coordinate feeding duties.

What does it mean when you see a cardinal in Indiana?

While biologically it simply means the bird is within its normal range, many people view cardinal sightings as symbolic—often representing remembrance, hope, or a visit from a departed loved one.

How can I tell a northern cardinal apart from similar birds?

Look for the crested head, thick red bill, and (in males) solid red plumage. Females are tan with reddish highlights. No other common Indiana bird combines these features.

In conclusion, understanding what is Indiana state bird reveals more than just a name—it opens a window into the state’s ecological values, cultural traditions, and commitment to preserving native wildlife. The northern cardinal, with its radiant color, enchanting song, and enduring presence, continues to inspire admiration and stewardship among Hoosiers of all ages. Whether seen at dawn in a quiet woodland or visiting a suburban feeder, this remarkable bird embodies the spirit of Indiana’s natural landscape.