The official Virginia state bird is the northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), a striking red songbird known for its bold coloration, melodic call, and widespread presence across the Commonwealth. Chosen for its beauty and resilience, the northern cardinal was officially designated as Virginia's state bird in 1950, making it a symbol of both natural heritage and regional pride. This decision aligned with broader cultural appreciation for the species, which appears as a state symbol in six other U.S. states—more than any other bird. As one of the most frequently searched avian symbols in the Mid-Atlantic region, queries like 'what is Virginia state bird' often lead to deeper interest in its biology, behavior, and significance in local ecosystems.
Historical Background: How the Northern Cardinal Became Virginia's Symbol
The journey to selecting the northern cardinal as Virginia’s state bird began in the early 20th century, during a period when many U.S. states were formalizing their official emblems. Prior to 1950, Virginia did not have an official bird, despite growing public sentiment favoring native species that reflected the state’s identity. In 1949, the Virginia General Assembly introduced legislation to designate an official avian representative, sparking debate among ornithologists, educators, and civic organizations.
Several birds were considered, including the eastern bluebird and the American goldfinch, but the northern cardinal emerged as the favorite due to its visibility, distinctive appearance, and non-migratory habits. Unlike many songbirds that leave the region in winter, cardinals remain active year-round, offering residents a consistent connection to nature through all seasons. On January 25, 1950, Governor John S. Battle signed House Joint Resolution No. 6, officially adopting the northern cardinal as the state bird of Virginia.
Biological Profile: Understanding the Northern Cardinal
To fully appreciate why the northern cardinal was chosen, it's essential to understand its biological characteristics. Cardinalis cardinalis belongs to the family Cardinalidae and is a medium-sized passerine bird, measuring approximately 8–9 inches in length with a wingspan of about 10–12 inches. Males are easily recognized by their bright crimson plumage, prominent crest, and black facial mask extending from the eyes to the throat. Females, while less vivid, display warm tan-brown feathers with reddish tinges on the wings, tail, and crest, maintaining the same elegant silhouette.
One of the cardinal’s most notable traits is sexual dimorphism—distinct differences between male and female appearances—which is relatively rare among North American songbirds. Both sexes possess strong, conical beaks adapted for cracking seeds, a key component of their diet. Their vocalizations are complex and varied, featuring loud, clear whistles such as “what-cheer” or “birdie-birdie-birdie,” used primarily by males to defend territory and attract mates.
| Feature | Description |
|---|---|
| Scientific Name | Cardinalis cardinalis |
| Length | 8–9 inches (20–23 cm) |
| Wingspan | 10–12 inches (25–30 cm) |
| Weight | 1.5–1.7 oz (42–48 g) |
| Lifespan (wild) | 3–5 years average; up to 15+ years recorded |
| Diet | Seeds, fruits, insects, suet |
| Habitat | Woodland edges, gardens, shrublands, suburban areas |
| Range | Eastern and Central United States, parts of Mexico and Arizona |
Cultural and Symbolic Significance in Virginia
Beyond its biological appeal, the northern cardinal holds deep cultural resonance in Virginia. Its vivid red feathers have long been associated with vitality, passion, and spiritual renewal. In Native American traditions, particularly among Algonquian-speaking tribes historically present in the region, red birds were seen as messengers between worlds, carrying prayers or warnings. Though no single tribe dominated pre-colonial Virginia, oral histories suggest that brightly colored birds like the cardinal were respected for their visibility and song.
In modern times, the cardinal has become emblematic of perseverance and hope. Its ability to thrive in cold winters—when few other birds retain such brilliant color—has made it a popular subject in holiday cards, regional art, and even sports branding. The Washington Commanders (formerly Redskins) and several high school teams across Virginia use cardinal imagery, reinforcing its symbolic role in community identity.
Additionally, the choice of the northern cardinal reflects a broader environmental consciousness. By honoring a non-game, non-migratory species, Virginia signaled its commitment to preserving native biodiversity—not just charismatic megafauna, but also backyard wildlife accessible to all citizens.
Where and When to See the Northern Cardinal in Virginia
For birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts, spotting the northern cardinal in Virginia is both easy and rewarding. Because they do not migrate, cardinals can be observed throughout the year in a wide range of habitats. They are especially common in edge environments—places where forests meet open fields or residential neighborhoods. Suburban backyards with dense shrubs, hedges, and bird feeders are ideal locations for sightings.
The best times to observe cardinals are early morning and late afternoon, when they are most active feeding and singing. During breeding season (March through August), males sing persistently from elevated perches to mark territory. Even in winter, their bright plumage stands out against snow-covered landscapes, making them one of the most visible birds during colder months.
Notable birding hotspots in Virginia where cardinals are regularly seen include:
- Shenandoah National Park (especially along Skyline Drive trails)
- Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge
- Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge
- James River Park System (Richmond)
- Lee Chapel & Museum Arboretum (Lexington)
Tips for Attracting Cardinals to Your Yard
If you're interested in supporting Virginia’s state bird locally, there are several practical steps you can take to make your yard more cardinal-friendly:
- Provide Suitable Food Sources: Cardinals prefer sunflower seeds, safflower seeds, cracked corn, and suet. Use platform feeders or large hopper feeders, as cardinals are too large for tube feeders with small perches.
- Install Dense Shrubs and Evergreens: Cardinals seek cover in thick vegetation for nesting and protection. Plant native species like eastern red cedar, yaupon holly, or spicebush to create sheltered spaces.
- Avoid Pesticides: Chemical treatments reduce insect populations, which are crucial food sources for nestlings. Opt for organic gardening practices to support a healthy ecosystem.
- Offer Fresh Water: A shallow birdbath with moving water (via a dripper or fountain) attracts cardinals for drinking and bathing, especially in summer and freezing winter mornings.
- Keep Cats Indoors: Domestic cats are a leading cause of bird mortality. Keeping pets indoors protects cardinals and other songbirds.
Common Misconceptions About the Northern Cardinal
Despite its popularity, several myths surround the northern cardinal. One common misconception is that seeing a cardinal brings good luck or messages from deceased loved ones. While this belief is emotionally meaningful to many people, it lacks scientific basis. However, psychologists note that such interpretations can provide comfort and reinforce emotional connections to nature.
Another myth is that cardinals mate for life. While pairs often stay together across multiple breeding seasons and exhibit strong pair bonds, genetic studies show occasional extra-pair mating. Still, both parents participate in raising young—males feed females during incubation and help feed nestlings—making them one of the more cooperative bird species.
Some also believe that cardinals are only found in rural areas, but urban ecology research shows they adapt exceptionally well to human-modified landscapes, provided sufficient food and cover exist.
Conservation Status and Environmental Challenges
The northern cardinal is currently listed as a species of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Populations have remained stable or increased slightly over the past 50 years, thanks in part to suburbanization creating favorable edge habitats and widespread use of bird feeders.
However, emerging threats include habitat fragmentation, window collisions (cardinals are prone to flying into reflective glass), and parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds, which lay eggs in cardinal nests. Climate change may also shift their range northward over time, potentially reducing abundance in southern portions of their current distribution.
Citizens can contribute to conservation efforts by participating in citizen science projects like Project FeederWatch or the Christmas Bird Count, both coordinated by the National Audubon Society. These programs help track population trends and inform policy decisions at local and national levels.
Frequently Asked Questions
- When did Virginia adopt the northern cardinal as its state bird?
- Virginia officially adopted the northern cardinal as its state bird on January 25, 1950, following passage of House Joint Resolution No. 6.
- Why was the northern cardinal chosen as Virginia’s state bird?
- It was selected for its striking red color, melodious song, year-round presence, and widespread distribution across the state, reflecting Virginia’s natural beauty and resilience.
- Do female cardinals sing?
- Yes, female northern cardinals do sing—often while sitting on the nest. Their songs are typically shorter and less frequent than males’, but serve important roles in communication with mates.
- Can I see cardinals in cities like Richmond or Virginia Beach?
- Absolutely. Northern cardinals thrive in suburban and urban environments, especially in parks, gardens, and yards with trees and shrubs.
- Are there any legal protections for the northern cardinal in Virginia?
- Yes. Like all native birds, cardinals are protected under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act, which prohibits harming, capturing, or possessing them without a permit.
In summary, understanding what is Virginia state bird goes beyond a simple name—it opens a window into the state’s ecological values, cultural history, and ongoing relationship with the natural world. Whether viewed through a binocular lens or appreciated in symbolism, the northern cardinal remains a cherished icon of Virginia’s living landscape.
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